Public Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Biol Reprod. 2021 Sep 14;105(3):625-631. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioab124.
The adverse effects on the child of maternal smoking in pregnancy is well-recognized, but little research has been carried out on the possible non-genetic effects of ancestral smoking prior to the pregnancy including parental initiation of cigarette smoking in their own childhoods or a grandmother smoking during pregnancy. Here, we summarize the studies that have been published mainly using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We demonstrate evidence that ancestral smoking prior to or during pregnancy can often be beneficial for offspring health and both ancestor- and sex-specific. More specifically, we report evidence of (i) adverse effects of the father starting to smoke pre-puberty on his son's development; (ii) beneficial effects on the grandson if his maternal grandmother had smoked in pregnancy; and (iii) mainly adverse effects on the granddaughter when the paternal grandmother had smoked in pregnancy. The ancestor- and sex-specificity of these results are consistent with earlier studies reporting associations of health and mortality with ancestral food supply in their parents' and grandparents' pre-pubertal childhoods.
孕期母亲吸烟对孩子的不良影响已得到广泛认识，但对于怀孕前祖辈吸烟的非遗传影响（包括父母在自己的童年时期开始吸烟，或祖母在怀孕期间吸烟）的研究却很少。在这里，我们总结了主要使用来自雅芳纵向父母与子女研究（Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children）的数据发表的研究。我们证明了在怀孕前或怀孕期间祖辈吸烟往往对后代健康有益，而且具有祖先和性别特异性。具体来说，我们报告了以下证据：（i）父亲在青春期前开始吸烟会对儿子的发育产生不良影响；（ii）如果祖母在怀孕期间吸烟，孙子会受益；（iii）如果祖母在怀孕期间吸烟，孙女则主要受到不良影响。这些结果的祖先和性别特异性与之前的研究一致，这些研究报告了父母和祖父母在青春期前的童年时期的祖先食物供应与健康和死亡率之间的关联。
