Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia.
Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, India.
Microbiologyopen. 2021 Jun;10(3):e1197. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.1197.
Bacterial resistance toward broad-spectrum antibiotics has become a major concern in recent years. The threat posed by the infectious bacteria and the pace with which resistance determinants are transmitted needs to be deciphered. Soil and water contain unique and diverse microbial communities as well as pools of naturally occurring antibiotics resistant genes. Overuse of antibiotics along with poor sanitary practices expose these indigenous microbial communities to antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria and accelerate the process of acquisition and dissemination. Clinical settings, where most antibiotics are prescribed, are hypothesized to serve as a major hotspot. The predisposition of the surrounding environments to a pool of antibiotic-resistant bacteria facilitates rapid antibiotic resistance among the indigenous microbiota in the soil, water, and clinical environments via horizontal gene transfer. This provides favorable conditions for the development of more multidrug-resistant pathogens. Limitations in detecting gene transfer mechanisms have likely left us underestimating the role played by the surrounding environmental hotspots in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This review aims to identify the major drivers responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance and hotspots responsible for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes.
近年来，细菌对广谱抗生素的耐药性已成为一个主要关注点。需要破译由传染性细菌构成的威胁以及耐药决定因素传播的速度。土壤和水中含有独特多样的微生物群落以及天然存在的抗生素耐药基因库。抗生素的过度使用以及卫生条件差，使这些本土微生物群落暴露于来自其他细菌的抗生素耐药基因之下，从而加速了获取和传播的过程。临床环境（大多数抗生素都在此处开出处方）被假设为主要的热点。周围环境对抗生素耐药细菌的倾向通过水平基因转移促进了土壤、水和临床环境中本土微生物群落中抗生素耐药性的快速发展。这为更多多药耐药病原体的发展提供了有利条件。检测基因转移机制的局限性可能使我们低估了周围环境热点在多药耐药细菌出现中的作用。本综述旨在确定导致抗生素耐药性传播的主要驱动因素以及导致抗生素耐药基因获取的热点。
