Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
Addict Behav. 2021 Nov;122:107024. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107024. Epub 2021 Jun 23.
Parental involvement and supervision (i.e., "parental monitoring;" PM) is generally inversely associated with substance use among youth; yet, specific features of this association remain unclear. This study examined PM as a prospective predictor of substance use initiation across adolescence and whether associations generalize across a range of substances and by sex.
Participants were enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study of high school students from Southern California. We assessed, among never-users at baseline (2014; participants were in 10th grade), the role of PM in 8 substance use initiation outcomes (initiation of 7 individual substances or categories of substances: alcohol, cigarettes, electronic (e-) cigarettes, cigars, marijuana, stimulants, or opioids, as well as the total number of substances initiated) at follow-up (2017; 12th grade), controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Multiplicative interactions assessed differences by sex.
In adjusted main effects models, PM was associated with lower odds of initiation of all substances (OR range: 0.60 for cigarettes to 0.82 for alcohol) and male sex was associated with increased odds of initiating use of cigarettes (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.73) and cigars (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.32, 2.52) over follow-up. There were also significant PM × sex interactions for cigarettes (p = 0.038), e-cigarettes (p = 0.042), and marijuana (p = 0.044), whereby lower PM was associated with greater odds of initiation among females, compared to males.
PM is associated with reduced odds of initiating use of multiple substances among adolescents, particularly for females. Future research of the mechanisms underlying these associations can point towards intervention targets to prevent or delay substance use initiation among youth with low PM.
父母的参与和监督（即“父母监督”；PM）通常与青少年的物质使用呈负相关；然而，这种关联的具体特征仍不清楚。本研究检验了 PM 作为青少年时期物质使用起始的前瞻性预测因子，以及这种关联是否在多种物质和性别上具有普遍性。
参与者被纳入南加州高中生的纵向队列研究。我们在基线（2014 年；参与者为 10 年级）从未使用者中评估了 PM 在 8 种物质使用起始结果（7 种单独物质或物质类别开始使用：酒精、香烟、电子烟、雪茄、大麻、兴奋剂或阿片类药物，以及开始使用的物质总数）中的作用，在随访（2017 年；12 年级）时，控制了社会人口统计学特征。乘法交互作用评估了性别差异。
在调整后的主要效应模型中，PM 与所有物质起始的几率较低相关（OR 范围：香烟为 0.60，酒精为 0.82），男性性别与开始使用香烟（OR=1.33，95%CI=1.02，1.73）和雪茄（OR=1.82，95%CI=1.32，2.52）的几率增加相关。PM 与性别的交互作用也存在显著差异香烟（p=0.038）、电子烟（p=0.042）和大麻（p=0.044），PM 较低与女性相比，男性开始使用的几率更高。
PM 与青少年开始使用多种物质的几率降低有关，尤其是对女性而言。对这些关联背后机制的进一步研究可以为预防或延迟低 PM 青少年的物质使用起始提供干预目标。
