Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 47405, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Nov 18;20(22):7079. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20227079.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) comprise a variety of products designed to deliver nicotine, flavorings, and other substances. To date, multiple epidemiological and experimental studies have reported a variety of health issues associated with their use, including respiratory toxicity, exacerbation of respiratory conditions, and behavioral and physiological effects. While some of these effects appear to be sex- and/or gender-related, only a portion of the research has been conducted considering these variables. In this review, we sought to summarize the available literature on sex-specific effects and sex and gender differences, including predictors and risk factors, effects on organ systems, and behavioral effects.
We searched and selected articles from 2018-2023 that included sex as a variable or reported sex differences on e-cigarette-associated effects.
We found 115 relevant studies published since 2018 that reported sex differences in a variety of outcomes. The main differences reported were related to reasons for initiation, including smoking history, types of devices and flavoring, polysubstance use, physiological responses to nicotine and toxicants in e-liquids, exacerbation of lung disease, and behavioral factors such as anxiety, depression, sexuality, and bullying.
The available literature supports the notion that both sex and gender influence the susceptibility to the negative effects of e-cigarette use. Future research needs to consider sex and gender variables when addressing e-cigarette toxicity and other health-related consequences.
电子烟包含了多种旨在传递尼古丁、调味剂和其他物质的产品。迄今为止，多项流行病学和实验研究报告了与电子烟使用相关的多种健康问题，包括呼吸道毒性、呼吸道疾病恶化以及行为和生理影响。尽管其中一些影响似乎与性别有关，但只有一部分研究考虑了这些变量。在这篇综述中，我们试图总结有关性别特异性影响和性别差异的现有文献，包括预测因素和风险因素、对器官系统的影响以及行为影响。
我们搜索并选择了 2018 年至 2023 年期间的文章，这些文章将性别作为变量或报告了电子烟相关影响的性别差异。
我们发现自 2018 年以来发表的 115 篇相关研究报告了各种结果中的性别差异。报告的主要差异与起始原因有关，包括吸烟史、设备和调味剂类型、多物质使用、对电子烟液中尼古丁和毒物的生理反应、肺部疾病恶化以及焦虑、抑郁、性和欺凌等行为因素。
现有文献支持这样一种观点，即性别和性别都会影响对电子烟使用负面影响的易感性。未来的研究在解决电子烟毒性和其他与健康相关的后果时，需要考虑性别变量。
