Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 18;21(24):9695. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249695.
The innate immune system evolved to detect and react against potential dangers such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental particles. The advent of modern technology has exposed innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, to a relatively novel type of particulate matter, i.e., engineered nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are not inherently pathogenic, and yet cases have been described in which specific nanoparticle types can either induce innate/inflammatory responses or modulate the activity of activated innate cells. Many of these studies rely upon activation by agonists of toll-like receptors, such as lipopolysaccharide or peptidoglycan, instead of the more realistic stimulation by whole live organisms. In this review we examine and discuss the effects of nanoparticles on innate immune cells activated by live bacteria. We focus in particular on how nanoparticles may interfere with bacterial processes in the context of innate activation, and confine our scope to the effects due to particles themselves, rather than to molecules adsorbed on the particle surface. Finally, we examine the long-lasting consequences of coexposure to nanoparticles and bacteria, in terms of potential microbiome alterations and innate immune memory, and address nanoparticle-based vaccine strategies against bacterial infection.
先天免疫系统进化为了检测和抵御潜在威胁，如细菌、病毒和环境颗粒。现代技术的出现使先天免疫细胞（如单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞）接触到一种相对新颖的颗粒物质，即工程纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒本身并不是致病的，但已经有报道称，某些特定类型的纳米颗粒可以诱导先天/炎症反应，或调节激活的先天细胞的活性。这些研究中的许多都依赖于 Toll 样受体激动剂（如脂多糖或肽聚糖）的激活，而不是通过更真实的整个活体生物的刺激。在这篇综述中，我们研究并讨论了纳米颗粒对由活细菌激活的先天免疫细胞的影响。我们特别关注纳米颗粒如何在先天激活的背景下干扰细菌的过程，并将我们的研究范围局限于颗粒本身的影响，而不是吸附在颗粒表面的分子的影响。最后，我们研究了纳米颗粒和细菌共同暴露的长期后果，包括潜在的微生物组改变和先天免疫记忆，并探讨了基于纳米颗粒的疫苗策略对抗细菌感染。
