Palm Beach County Campus, American Heritage Schools, Delray Beach, FL 33484, USA.
Department of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
Cells. 2021 Jun 16;10(6):1514. doi: 10.3390/cells10061514.
Although the use of porous scaffolds in tissue engineering has been relatively successful, there are still many limitations that need to be addressed, such as low vascularization, low oxygen and nutrient levels, and immune-induced inflammation. As a result, the current porous scaffolds are insufficient when treating large defects. This paper analyzed scientific research pertaining to the effects of macro-/micro-channels on the cell recruitment, vascularization, and immune response of tissue engineering scaffolds. Most of the studies contained either cell culturing experimentation or experimentation on small animals such as rats and mice. The sacrificial template method, template casting method, and 3D printing method were the most common methods in the fabrication of channeled scaffolds. Some studies combine the sacrificial and 3D printing methods to design and create their scaffold with channels. The overall results from these studies showed that the incorporation of channels within scaffolds greatly increased vascularization, reduced immune response, and was much more beneficial for cell and growth factor recruitment compared with control groups that contained no channels. More research on the effect of micro-/macro-channels on vascularization or immune response in animal models is necessary in the future in order to achieve clinical translation.
尽管在组织工程中使用多孔支架已经相对成功，但仍存在许多需要解决的限制因素，例如血管化程度低、氧气和营养水平低以及免疫诱导的炎症。因此，目前的多孔支架在治疗大的缺陷时还不够理想。本文分析了有关宏观/微观通道对组织工程支架细胞募集、血管化和免疫反应影响的科学研究。大多数研究都包含细胞培养实验或对大鼠和小鼠等小动物的实验。牺牲模板法、模板铸造法和 3D 打印法是制造有通道支架的最常用方法。一些研究结合牺牲模板和 3D 打印方法来设计和创建具有通道的支架。这些研究的总体结果表明，与没有通道的对照组相比，支架内通道的存在极大地增加了血管化程度，降低了免疫反应，更有利于细胞和生长因子的募集。未来有必要在动物模型中进一步研究微/宏观通道对血管化或免疫反应的影响，以实现临床转化。
