School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Nov 10;794:148484. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148484. Epub 2021 Jun 24.
The occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic ecosystem is an emerging concern of environmentalists. This study primarily investigated the seasonal variation of high-priority pharmaceutical residues in the Yamuna River, accompanied by 22 drains discharge from different parts of Delhi. Five sampling sites were selected for analyzing high-priority pharmaceuticals along with physico-chemical and biological parameters for 3 season's viz. pre-monsoon (PrM), monsoon (DuM), and post-monsoon (PoM), respectively. The maximum occurrences were detected during the PoM, compared to the PrM and DuM seasons. The maximum concentration of BOD, COD, and Phosphate was detected at the last sampling station (SP-5). Similarly, all targeted pharmaceuticals concentration were maximum at the last sampling point i.e. Okhla barrage (SP-5, max: DIC = 556.1 ng/l, IBU = 223.4 ng/l, CAR = 183.1 ng/l, DIA = 457.8 ng/l, OFL = 1726.5 ng/l, FRU = 312.2 ng/l and SIM = 414.9 ng/l) except at Barapulla downstream (SP-4, max: ERY = 178.1 ng/l). The mean concentrations of Fecal coliform (FC) ranged from 1700 to 6500 CFU/100 ml. The maximum colonies were detected in PrM season (6500 CFU/100 ml) followed by PoM (5800 CFU/100 ml) and least in DuM (1700 CFU/100 ml). Risk quotient (RQ) analysis of high-priority pharmaceuticals indicated high ecotoxicological risks exposure (>1) from DIC, DIA, OFL, and SIM in all seasons at all the sampling sites. However, lower risk was predicted for IBU, CAR, ERY, and FRU, respectively. This risk assessment indicated an aquatic ecosystem potentially exposed to high risks from these pharmaceutical residues. Moreover, seasonal agricultural application, rainfall, and temperature could influence the levels and compositions of pharmaceutical residue in the aquatic ecosystem. Hence, attention is required particularly to this stream since it is only a local lifeline source for urban consumers for domestic water supply and farmers for cultivation.
药品残留于水生生态系统中是环保主义者关注的新兴问题。本研究主要调查了亚穆纳河（Yamuna River）中高优先级药品残留的季节性变化，同时还调查了来自德里不同地区的 22 条排水渠的排放情况。选择了五个采样点，分别在三个季节（前季风季、季风季和后季风季）分析高优先级药品以及理化和生物参数。结果显示，后季风季的药品残留最高，其次是前季风季和季风季。在最后一个采样点（SP-5）检测到最大的 BOD、COD 和磷酸盐浓度。同样，所有目标药品的浓度在最后一个采样点（Okhla 水坝，SP-5）达到最高，最大浓度分别为双氯芬酸（DIC）=556.1ng/L、布洛芬（IBU）=223.4ng/L、卡马西平（CAR）=183.1ng/L、地昔帕明（DIA）=457.8ng/L、氧氟沙星（OFL）=1726.5ng/L、呋塞米（FRU）=312.2ng/L 和磺胺甲噁唑（SIM）=414.9ng/L），而在 Barapulla 下游（SP-4）检测到的红霉素（ERY）浓度最高（ERY=178.1ng/L）。粪便大肠菌群（FC）的平均浓度范围为 1700-6500 CFU/100ml。在季风季（6500 CFU/100ml）检测到的最大菌群数，其次是后季风季（5800 CFU/100ml），季风季最少（1700 CFU/100ml）。高优先级药品的风险商（RQ）分析表明，所有采样点在所有季节的 DIC、DIA、OFL 和 SIM 都存在高生态毒性风险（>1）。而布洛芬（IBU）、卡马西平（CAR）、红霉素（ERY）和呋塞米（FRU）的风险预测值较低。这项风险评估表明，水生生态系统可能面临这些药品残留带来的高风险。此外，季节性农业应用、降雨和温度可能会影响水生生态系统中药品残留的水平和组成。因此，需要特别关注这条河流，因为它是城市消费者的当地生命线水源，也是农民的农田灌溉水源。
