Stevens Nicholas J, Tavares Silvia G, Salmon Paul M
Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems University of the Sunshine Coast Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia.
Hum Factors Ergon Manuf. 2021 Jul;31(4):333-348. doi: 10.1002/hfm.20906. Epub 2021 May 12.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the way in which the community interacts within public spaces. Consequently, the design of these urban environments requires new approaches. It is our view that Human Factors and Ergonomics approaches can be used to provide these insights. This article explores the opportunities for making public spaces safer and more accessible for community use under pandemic conditions. The study utilizes a sociotechnical systems model of an archetype public space, developed pre-COVID-19, to explore the infrastructure and activities that are impacted by the introduction of the virus to the public space system. The aim was to identify those elements of the system that are completely unavailable under pandemic conditions, those elements that become limited in use, and those which remained unaffected by the presence of the virus. The findings show that under pandemic conditions pre-COVID-19 public spaces were surprisingly resilient with proportionally few elements within the model completely unavailable. They also demonstrate that overall, the public spaces system, while still operating, is significantly constrained in achieving and optimizing community and individual health and well-being. The insertion of five (5) urban design interventions within the system model presented unique insights into the possibilities for optimizing adaptive capacity. These interventions revealed design opportunities across several levels of the systems model. Such insights are argued to assist in not only re-establishing community access under pandemic conditions but also more inclusive access to a broader range of the community under all conditions.
2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行对社区在公共场所的互动方式产生了巨大影响。因此，这些城市环境的设计需要新的方法。我们认为，人因工程学方法可用于提供这些见解。本文探讨了在大流行条件下使公共场所更安全、更便于社区使用的机会。该研究利用了一个在COVID-19之前开发的原型公共场所的社会技术系统模型，以探索受病毒引入公共空间系统影响的基础设施和活动。目的是确定该系统中在大流行条件下完全无法使用的那些元素、使用受限的那些元素以及不受病毒存在影响的那些元素。研究结果表明，在大流行条件下，COVID-19之前的公共场所具有惊人的弹性，模型中完全无法使用的元素比例相对较少。研究结果还表明，总体而言，公共空间系统虽然仍在运行，但在实现和优化社区及个人健康与福祉方面受到显著限制。在系统模型中插入五项城市设计干预措施，为优化适应能力的可能性提供了独特见解。这些干预措施揭示了系统模型多个层面的设计机会。这些见解不仅有助于在大流行条件下重新建立社区可达性，还有助于在所有条件下实现更广泛社区的更包容性可达性。
