Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Adv Clin Chem. 2021;103:47-95. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.08.006. Epub 2020 Oct 1.
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a group of heterogeneous nanosized cell-derived vesicles, have attracted great interest as liquid biopsy material for biomarker discovery in a variety of diseases including cardiovascular disease. Because EVs inherit bioactive components from parent cells and are able to transfer their contents to recipient cells, EVs hold great promise as potential cell-free therapeutics and drug delivery systems. However, the development of EV-based diagnostics, therapeutics or drug delivery systems has been challenging due to the heterogenicity of EVs in biogenesis, size and cellular origin, the lack of standardized isolation and purification methods as well as the low production yield. In this review, we will provide an overview of the recent advances in EV-based biomarker discovery, highlight the potential usefulness of EVs and EV mimetics for therapeutic treatment and drug delivery in cardiovascular disease. In view of the fast development in this field, we will also discuss the challenges of current methodologies for isolation, purification and fabrication of EVs and potential alternatives.
心血管疾病仍然是全球发病率和死亡率的主要原因。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是一组异质性的纳米细胞来源的囊泡，作为液体活检生物标志物在包括心血管疾病在内的各种疾病中的发现引起了极大的兴趣。由于 EVs 从亲本细胞继承了生物活性成分，并能够将其内容物转移到受体细胞，因此 EVs 作为潜在的无细胞治疗剂和药物递送系统具有很大的应用前景。然而，由于 EV 在生物发生、大小和细胞起源方面的异质性、缺乏标准化的分离和纯化方法以及低产量，基于 EV 的诊断、治疗或药物递送系统的发展一直具有挑战性。在这篇综述中，我们将概述基于 EV 的生物标志物发现的最新进展，强调 EV 和 EV 模拟物在心血管疾病治疗和药物递送中的潜在有用性。鉴于该领域的快速发展，我们还将讨论当前 EV 分离、纯化和制造方法的挑战以及潜在的替代方法。
