Simulation for Neurology training: Acute setting and beyond.

Simulation-based training is adapted for teaching neurology, and it can offer multiple programs for general and specialized neurologists. Indeed, simulation training is "learner-centered", assuring sessions tailored to each learner level, and provides a realistic, safe, controlled and reproducible environment to improve knowledge, technical and non-technical skills, including situational awareness, communication, teamwork and leadership. Indeed, simulation tools allow multidisciplinary sessions with different team members (nurses, physician associates, specialist trainees, technicians) participating with their experiences. Multidisciplinary scenarios maximize awareness on the "human factors" and contribute to the safety of future patients. Simulation sessions require clear learning objectives and debriefing points tailored to the learning groups, but instructors may vary the scenarios in real time according to learners' actions. Different simulation techniques are applied according to learning objectives. The simulation session always includes a briefing, a simulation scenario and a structured debriefing, driven by the instructor, which is crucial for learning consolidation. In neurology training, simulation methods are applicable for: i) training on emergency situations, where the neurologist team has to manage in frontline a specific medical emergency (stroke, status epilepticus, coma, neuromuscular respiratory failure); ii) improving technical skills (lumbar puncture, electroencephalography (EEG), cervical ultrasound and transcranial Doppler, endovascular thrombectomy procedures, neuroradiological investigations); iii) improving procedures and patient pathways (stroke pathway, telemedicine); and iv) training non-technical skills (communication, teamwork, leadership). This manuscript provides a brief overview on the general principles of simulation techniques and their potential application in neurology training, in the acute setting and beyond.