Laboratory of Predatory Mites, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Sep 1;186:33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.011. Epub 2021 Jul 6.
Mitochondrial (mt) gene sequences have been widely used to infer phylogeny in animals. The relative order of mt genes in the mitogenome can also be a useful marker for evolution, but the propensity of mt gene rearrangements vary tremendously among taxa. Ticks and mites in Acari exemplify this trend as some families retain the ancestral arthropod gene order, while others show highly divergent gene orders. Mites in Phytoseiidae, many of which are effective biological control agents, show some of the most divergent gene orders. However, the diversity of mitogenome order within this family is little known. We thus sequenced three mt genomes of phytoseiid mites from two of the most speciose genera: Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot), Amblyseius tsugawai (Ehara) and Neoseiulus womersleyi (Schicha). We find differences in mt GC skew and nucleotide composition, especially between N. womersleyi and the two Amblyseius species. Each species within Phytoseiidae (including three previously available sequences) present a unique gene order. Phytoseiid mitogenomes show some of the highest numbers of breakpoints when compared to the ancestral arthropod order (up to 33), as well as high numbers of breakpoints within the family (14-30). This suggests a history of massive, ongoing mitogenome rearrangements in the family. Phylogenetic analyses of mt sequences confirm that the degree of gene rearrangements follows phylogenetic relatedness. We discuss possible causes for the high degree of mt gene rearrangement within phytoseiid mites as well as selection in the mt and nuclear genome tied to the independent evolution of many diverse feeding strategies in the family. Finally, we suggest N. womersleyi should be used instead of the synonym Amblyseius pseudolongispinosus.
线粒体 (mt) 基因序列已被广泛用于推断动物的系统发育。线粒体基因组中 mt 基因的相对顺序也可以作为进化的有用标记，但 mt 基因重排的倾向在不同分类群中差异极大。节肢动物门中的蜱螨目和螨目就是这种趋势的典型代表，一些科保留了原始节肢动物的基因顺序，而另一些科则显示出高度不同的基因顺序。植绥螨科中的螨目，其中许多是有效的生物防治剂，显示出一些最具差异的基因顺序。然而，该科内的线粒体基因组顺序多样性知之甚少。因此，我们对来自两个最具多样性的属的植绥螨科的三种 mt 基因组进行了测序：Athias-Henriot 螨属的 Amblyseius swirskii、Ehara 螨属的 Amblyseius tsugawai 和 Schicha 螨属的 Neoseiulus womersleyi。我们发现 mt GC 倾斜和核苷酸组成存在差异，特别是在 N. womersleyi 和两种 Amblyseius 种之间。植绥螨科内的每个物种（包括三个以前可用的序列）都呈现出独特的基因顺序。与原始节肢动物的基因顺序相比，植绥螨线粒体基因组显示出较高的断点数量（高达 33 个），以及家族内较高的断点数量（14-30 个）。这表明该家族经历了大规模的、持续的线粒体基因组重排。mt 序列的系统发育分析证实，基因重排的程度与系统发育关系密切。我们讨论了植绥螨科 mt 基因高度重排的可能原因，以及与家族中许多不同取食策略的独立进化相关的 mt 和核基因组中的选择。最后，我们建议使用 N. womersleyi 而不是 Amblyseius pseudolongispinosus 的同义词。
