Löhner Rainald, Antil Harbir, Srinivasan Ashok, Idelsohn Sergio, Oñate Eugenio
Center for Computational Fluid Dynamics, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444 USA.
Center for Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444 USA.
Arch Comput Methods Eng. 2021;28(6):4237-4262. doi: 10.1007/s11831-021-09606-6. Epub 2021 Jul 5.
An overview of high-fidelity modeling of pathogen propagation, transmission and mitigation in the built environment is given. In order to derive the required physical and numerical models, the current understanding of pathogen, and in particular virus transmission and mitigation is summarized. The ordinary and partial differential equations that describe the flow, the particles and possibly the UV radiation loads in rooms or HVAC ducts are presented, as well as proper numerical methods to solve them in an expedient way. Thereafter, the motion of pedestrians, as well as proper ways to couple computational fluid dynamics and computational crowd dynamics to enable high-fidelity pathogen transmission and infection simulations is treated. The present review shows that high-fidelity simulations of pathogen propagation, transmission and mitigation in the built environment have reached a high degree of sophistication, offering a quantum leap in accuracy from simpler probabilistic models. This is particularly the case when considering the propagation of pathogens via aerosols in the presence of moving pedestrians.
本文给出了建筑环境中病原体传播、扩散和缓解的高保真建模概述。为了推导所需的物理和数值模型，总结了目前对病原体，特别是病毒传播和缓解的理解。给出了描述房间或暖通空调管道中的气流、颗粒以及可能的紫外线辐射负荷的常微分方程和偏微分方程，以及以简便方式求解这些方程的适当数值方法。此后，讨论了行人的运动，以及将计算流体动力学和计算人群动力学相结合以实现高保真病原体传播和感染模拟的适当方法。本综述表明，建筑环境中病原体传播、扩散和缓解的高保真模拟已经达到了高度的复杂性，与更简单的概率模型相比，在准确性上有了质的飞跃。当考虑在有行人移动的情况下病原体通过气溶胶传播时，尤其如此。
