Jiang Xue, You Lianghui, Zhang Zhenxing, Cui Xianwei, Zhong Hong, Sun Xingzhen, Ji Chenbo, Chi Xia
Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.
The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Jun 25;9:693534. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693534. eCollection 2021.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells under pathological and physiological conditions. EVs harbor various biomolecules, including protein, lipid, non-coding RNA, messenger RNA, and DNA. In 2007, mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) carried by EVs were found to have regulatory functions in recipient cells. The biological function of EVs has since then increasingly drawn interest. Breast milk, as the most important nutritional source for infants, contains EVs in large quantities. An increasing number of studies have provided the basis for the hypothesis associated with information transmission between mothers and infants via breast milk-derived EVs. Most studies on milk-derived EVs currently focus on miRNAs. Milk-derived EVs contain diverse miRNAs, which remain stable both and ; as such, they can be absorbed across different species. Further studies have confirmed that miRNAs derived from milk-derived EVs can resist the acidic environment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the digestive tract; moreover, they can be absorbed by intestinal cells in infants to perform physiological functions. miRNAs derived from milk EVs have been reported in the maturation of immune cells, regulation of immune response, formation of neuronal synapses, and development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. This article reviews current status and advances in milk-derived EVs, including their history, biogenesis, molecular contents, and biological functions. The effects of milk-derived EVs on growth and development in both infants and adults were emphasized. Finally, the potential application and future challenges of milk-derived EVs were discussed, providing comprehensive understanding and new insight into milk-derived EVs.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）在病理和生理条件下由所有细胞释放。EVs包含各种生物分子，包括蛋白质、脂质、非编码RNA、信使RNA和DNA。2007年，人们发现EVs携带的mRNA和微小RNA（miRNA）在受体细胞中具有调节功能。从那时起，EVs的生物学功能越来越受到关注。母乳作为婴儿最重要的营养来源，含有大量的EVs。越来越多的研究为通过母乳来源的EVs进行母婴之间信息传递的假说提供了依据。目前关于母乳来源的EVs的大多数研究都集中在miRNA上。母乳来源的EVs含有多种miRNA，它们在[具体条件1]和[具体条件2]下都保持稳定；因此，它们可以跨物种吸收。进一步的研究证实，母乳来源的EVs衍生的miRNA可以抵抗消化道的酸性环境和酶水解；此外，它们可以被婴儿的肠道细胞吸收以执行生理功能。据报道，母乳EVs衍生的miRNA在免疫细胞成熟、免疫反应调节、神经元突触形成以及肥胖和糖尿病等代谢疾病的发展中发挥作用。本文综述了母乳来源的EVs的现状和进展，包括它们的历史、生物发生、分子成分和生物学功能。强调了母乳来源的EVs对婴儿和成人生长发育的影响。最后，讨论了母乳来源的EVs的潜在应用和未来挑战，为母乳来源的EVs提供了全面的理解和新的见解。
