Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 44613, Nepal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Dec;28(48):68762-68772. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-15347-7. Epub 2021 Jul 19.
Cement industry is one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specifically carbon dioxide (CO). This paper presents the cement production and the CO emissions from the cement industry in Nepal. We compute emissions for the process-related, combustion-related (fuel use), and electricity-related activities during the cement production. We used eight emission factors (EFs) for the process-related, two EFs for the combustion or fuel-related, and two for the electricity-related activities using the previous researches. We computed the emissions as a product of the activities and the EFs. The estimated CO emission in 2019 from the cement production is 3.45 ± 0.50 million metric tons (mMt) for Nepal. In 2019, the emissions are 1.87 ± 0.16 mMt from the process-related, 1.52 ± 0.34 mMt from the combustion-related, and 0.062 ± 0.004 mMt from the electricity use activities during the cement production in Nepal. Cumulative CO emission was 22.73 ± 3.82 mMt from 1987 to 2019. Per capita CO emission is 0.12 mMt for Nepal in 2019. Nepal contributes about 0.06% CO emission from cement production to the global CO emission (2.08 Gt) from the cement industry. By evaluating per capita gross domestic product (GDP) (from 1987/1988 to 2019/2020) and the human development index (HDI) (from 1990 to 2019) with the cement production, the result shows that cement production increases significantly (p < 0.01) with an increase in the GDP and the HDI. We emphasize that the study's outputs are directly relevant to the country's emission inventory, mitigation planning, and developing a strategy for cleaner production.
水泥工业是温室气体（GHG）排放的主要贡献者之一，特别是二氧化碳（CO）。本文介绍了尼泊尔的水泥生产和水泥工业的 CO 排放。我们计算了水泥生产过程中与工艺相关、与燃烧相关（燃料使用）和与电力相关的活动的排放量。我们使用了之前研究中的 8 个排放因子（EF）来计算与工艺相关的活动，2 个 EF 来计算与燃烧或燃料相关的活动，2 个 EF 来计算与电力相关的活动。我们将排放量作为活动和 EF 的乘积进行计算。估计 2019 年尼泊尔水泥生产的 CO 排放量为 345 万吨。2019 年，尼泊尔水泥生产过程中相关活动的排放量为 187 万吨，燃烧相关活动的排放量为 152 万吨，电力使用活动的排放量为 6.2 万吨。1987 年至 2019 年期间，CO 排放量累计为 227.3 万吨。2019 年尼泊尔人均 CO 排放量为 0.12 万吨。尼泊尔水泥生产对全球水泥工业 CO 排放（20.8 亿吨）的贡献约为 0.06%。通过评估人均国内生产总值（GDP）（1987/1988 年至 2019/2020 年）和人类发展指数（HDI）（1990 年至 2019 年）与水泥生产的关系，结果表明，水泥生产随着 GDP 和 HDI 的增加而显著增加（p<0.01）。我们强调，本研究的结果与国家排放清单、减排规划和制定清洁生产战略直接相关。
