CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, France.
Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ESCAPE EA7510, USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jul 19;15(7):e0009479. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009479. eCollection 2021 Jul.
Phlebotomine sand flies are the main natural vectors of Leishmania, which cause visceral and tegumentary tropical diseases worldwide. However, their taxonomy and evolutionary history remain poorly studied. Indeed, as for many human disease vectors, their small size is a challenge for morphological and molecular works. Here, we successfully amplified unbiased copies of whole genome to sequence thousands of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) markers from single specimens of phlebotomines. RAD markers were used to infer a fully resolved phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (11 species + 5 outgroups, 32 specimens). The subgenus was not recovered as monophyletic and we describe a new subgenus Artemievus subg. nov. Depaquit for Phlebotomus alexandri. We also confirm the validity of Ph. riouxi which is reinstated as valid species. Our analyses suggest that Paraphlebotomus sensu nov. originated ca 12.9-8.5 Ma and was possibly largely distributed from peri-Mediterranean to Irano-Turanian regions. Its biogeographical history can be summarized into three phases: i) a first split between Ph. riouxi + Ph. chabaudi and other species that may have resulted from the rise of the Saharan belt ca 8.5 Ma; ii) a Messinian vicariant event (7.3-5.3 Ma) during which the prolonged drought could have resulted in the divergence of main lineages; iii) a recent radiation event (3-2 Ma) that correspond to cycles of wet and dry periods in the Middle East and the East African subregions during the Pleistocene. Interestingly these cycles are also hypothetical drivers of the diversification of rodents, in the burrows of which Paraphlebotomus larvae develop. By meeting the challenge of sequencing pangenomics markers from single, minute phlebotomines, this work opens new avenues for improving our understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniases and possibly other human diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors.
白蛉是利什曼原虫的主要自然传播媒介，可引起全球内脏和皮肤热带疾病。然而，它们的分类学和进化历史仍未得到充分研究。实际上，对于许多人类疾病的传播媒介而言，其体型较小是形态学和分子研究的挑战。在这里，我们成功地从单个白蛉标本中扩增了全基因组的无偏拷贝，以对数千个限制相关 DNA（RAD）标记进行测序。RAD 标记被用于推断 11 个种+5 个外群（32 个标本）的 Paraphlebotomus 亚属的完全解析的系统发育。亚属没有被恢复为单系，我们描述了一个新的亚属 Artemievus subg。nov。Depaquit 用于 Phlebotomus alexandri。我们还确认了 Ph. riouxi 的有效性，它被恢复为有效种。我们的分析表明，Paraphlebotomus sensu nov。起源于大约 12.9-8.5 Ma，可能主要分布在地中海周边到伊朗-图兰地区。其生物地理学历史可以概括为三个阶段：i）在 Ph. riouxi + Ph. chabaudi 和其他物种之间的首次分裂，这可能是由于大约 8.5 Ma 撒哈拉带的崛起所致；ii）7.3-5.3 Ma 的墨西拿间断事件，在此期间，长时间的干旱可能导致主要谱系的分化；iii）最近的辐射事件（3-2 Ma），对应于更新世中东和东非次区域干湿期的循环。有趣的是，这些循环也是啮齿动物多样化的假设驱动因素，在啮齿动物的洞穴中，Paraphlebotomus 的幼虫发育。通过应对从单个微小白蛉中测序泛基因组标记的挑战，这项工作为改善我们对白蛉病和可能由节肢动物传播的其他人类疾病的流行病学的理解开辟了新途径。
