Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 1;22(13):7112. doi: 10.3390/ijms22137112.
Chronic orofacial pain conditions can be particularly difficult to diagnose and treat because of their complexity and limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying their aetiology and pathogenesis. Furthermore, there is considerable variability between individuals in their susceptibility to risk factors predisposing them to the development and maintenance of chronic pain as well as in their expression of chronic pain features such as allodynia, hyperalgesia and extraterritorial sensory spread. The variability suggests that genetic as well as environmental factors may contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain. This article reviews these features of chronic orofacial pain, and outlines findings from studies in animal models of the behavioural characteristics and underlying mechanisms related to the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain and trigeminal neuropathic pain in particular. The review also considers the role of environmental and especially genetic factors in these models, focussing on findings of differences between animal strains in the features and underlying mechanisms of chronic pain. These findings are not only relevant to understanding underlying mechanisms and the variability between patients in the development, expression and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain, but also underscore the importance for considering the strain of the animal to model and explore chronic orofacial pain processes.
慢性口腔颌面疼痛疾病的诊断和治疗极具难度，这主要是因为其发病机制复杂，发病原因尚不明确。此外，个体对诱发慢性疼痛的风险因素的易感性以及对慢性疼痛特征（如感觉过敏、痛觉过敏和超敏反应）的表达存在较大差异。这种变异性表明，遗传和环境因素可能导致慢性口腔颌面疼痛的发生和持续。本文综述了慢性口腔颌面疼痛的这些特征，并概述了动物模型中与慢性口腔颌面疼痛和三叉神经病理性疼痛的发生和持续相关的行为特征和潜在机制的研究结果。本文还考虑了环境因素，特别是遗传因素在这些模型中的作用，重点介绍了不同动物品系在慢性疼痛的特征和潜在机制方面的差异。这些发现不仅有助于了解患者在慢性口腔颌面疼痛的发生、表达和维持方面的潜在机制和个体差异，还强调了在对慢性口腔颌面疼痛过程进行建模和探索时，考虑动物品系的重要性。
