Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Arquitectura, Universidad de Lima, Avenida Javier Prado Este 4600, Santiago de Surco, 1503, Peru; Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
Chemosphere. 2022 Jan;286(Pt 1):131513. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131513. Epub 2021 Jul 9.
Many industrial by-products have been disposed along coastlines, generating profound marine changes. Phosphogypsum (PG) is a solid by-product generated in the production of phosphoric acid (PA) using conventional synthesis methods. The raw material, about 50 times more radioactive as compared to unperturbed soils, is dissolved in diluted sulfuric acid (70%) forming PG and PA. The majority of both, reactive hazardous elements and natural radionuclides, remain bound to the PG. A nonnegligible fraction of PG occurs as nanoparticles (<0.1 μm). When PG are used for e.g., agriculture or construction purposes, nanoparticles (NPs) can be re-suspended by Aeolian and fluvial processes. Here we provide an overview and evaluation of the geochemical and radiological hazardous risks associated with the different uses of PG. In this review, we show that NPs are important residues in both raw and waste materials originating from the uses of phosphate rock. Different industrial processes in the phosphate fertilizer industries are discussed in the context of the chemical and mineralogical composition as well as size and reactivity of the released NP. We also review how incidental NPs of PG impact the global environment, especially with respect to the distribution of rare earth elements (REEs), toxic elements such as As, Se, and Pb, and natural radionuclides. We also propose the application of advanced techniques and methods to better understand formation and transport of NPs containing elements of high scientific, economic, and environmental importance.
许多工业副产品被沿海水域处置，引发了深刻的海洋变化。磷石膏（PG）是在使用传统合成方法生产磷酸（PA）时产生的固体副产品。这种原料的放射性比未受干扰的土壤高约 50 倍，溶解在稀释的硫酸（70%）中形成 PG 和 PA。大部分反应性有害元素和天然放射性核素都与 PG 结合在一起。相当一部分 PG 以纳米颗粒（<0.1μm）的形式存在。当 PG 用于农业或建筑等用途时，纳米颗粒（NPs）可以通过风成和河流过程重新悬浮。在这里，我们概述和评估了与 PG 的不同用途相关的地球化学和放射性危害风险。在本综述中，我们表明 NPs 是源自磷酸盐岩使用的原始材料和废料中的重要残留物。讨论了磷酸盐肥料工业中的不同工业过程，涉及释放的 NP 的化学和矿物成分以及大小和反应性。我们还回顾了 PG 的偶然 NPs 如何影响全球环境，特别是对于稀土元素（REEs）、As、Se 和 Pb 等有毒元素以及天然放射性核素的分布。我们还提出应用先进的技术和方法，以更好地了解含有高科学、经济和环境重要性元素的 NPs 的形成和迁移。
