Tayibi Hanan, Choura Mohamed, López Félix A, Alguacil Francisco J, López-Delgado Aurora
National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
J Environ Manage. 2009 Jun;90(8):2377-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007. Epub 2009 Apr 29.
The production of phosphoric acid from natural phosphate rock by the wet process gives rise to an industrial by-product called phosphogypsum (PG). About 5 tons of PG are generated per ton of phosphoric acid production, and worldwide PG generation is estimated to be around 100-280 Mt per year. This by-product is mostly disposed of without any treatment, usually by dumping in large stockpiles. These are generally located in coastal areas close to phosphoric acid plants, where they occupy large land areas and cause serious environmental damage. PG is mainly composed of gypsum but also contains a high level of impurities such as phosphates, fluorides and sulphates, naturally occurring radionuclides, heavy metals, and other trace elements. All of this adds up to a negative environmental impact and many restrictions on PG applications. Up to 15% of world PG production is used to make building materials, as a soil amendment and as a set controller in the manufacture of Portland cement; uses that have been banned in most countries. The USEPA has classified PG as a "Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material" (TENORM). This work reviews the different environmental impacts associated with PG storage and disposal. The methods described in the literature to minimise the negative effects of this waste are classified by treatment type, i.e. physical, chemical, thermal, etc., and different suggested applications for PG are detailed.
通过湿法工艺从天然磷矿石生产磷酸会产生一种名为磷石膏（PG）的工业副产品。每吨磷酸生产会产生约5吨磷石膏，据估计全球每年的磷石膏产量约为100 - 280百万吨。这种副产品大多未经任何处理就被处置，通常是倾倒在大型堆场中。这些堆场一般位于靠近磷酸工厂的沿海地区，占用大片土地并造成严重的环境破坏。磷石膏主要由石膏组成，但也含有高水平的杂质，如磷酸盐、氟化物和硫酸盐、天然存在的放射性核素、重金属以及其他微量元素。所有这些加起来造成了负面的环境影响，并对磷石膏的应用施加了许多限制。全球高达15%的磷石膏产量被用于制造建筑材料、作为土壤改良剂以及在波特兰水泥制造中作为凝结控制剂；这些用途在大多数国家已被禁止。美国环境保护局已将磷石膏归类为“技术增强型天然放射性物质”（TENORM）。这项工作回顾了与磷石膏储存和处置相关的不同环境影响。文献中描述的将这种废物负面影响降至最低的方法按处理类型分类，即物理、化学、热等，并详细介绍了磷石膏的不同建议用途。
