Ramezani Saleh, Parkhideh Arianna, Bhattacharya Pratip K, Farach-Carson Mary C, Harrington Daniel A
Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, United States.
Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
Front Oncol. 2021 Jul 5;11:657701. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.657701. eCollection 2021.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among both men and women in the United States. Early detection and surgical removal of high-risk lesions in the colon can prevent disease from developing and spreading. Despite implementation of programs aimed at early detection, screening colonoscopies fail to detect a fraction of potentially aggressive colorectal lesions because of their location or nonobvious morphology. Optical colonoscopies, while highly effective, rely on direct visualization to detect changes on the surface mucosa that are consistent with dysplasia. Recent advances in endoscopy techniques and molecular imaging permit microscale visualization of the colonic mucosa. These technologies can be combined with various molecular probes that recognize and target heterogenous lesion surfaces to achieve early, real-time, and potentially non-invasive, detection of pre-cancerous lesions. The primary goal of this review is to contextualize existing and emergent CRC surface biomarkers and assess each's potential as a candidate marker for early marker-based detection of CRC lesions. CRC markers that we include were stratified by the level of support gleaned from peer-reviewed publications, abstracts, and databases of both CRC and other cancers. The selected biomarkers, accessible on the cell surface and preferably on the luminal surface of the colon tissue, are organized into three categories: (1) established biomarkers (those with considerable data and high confidence), (2) emerging biomarkers (those with increasing research interest but with less supporting data), and (3) novel candidates (those with very recent data, and/or supportive evidence from other tissue systems). We also present an overview of recent advances in imaging techniques useful for visual detection of surface biomarkers, and discuss the ease with which these methods can be combined with microscopic visualization.
在美国，结直肠癌（CRC）是男性和女性癌症相关死亡的第三大主要原因。早期发现并手术切除结肠中的高危病变可以预防疾病的发展和扩散。尽管实施了旨在早期检测的计划，但由于其位置或形态不明显，筛查结肠镜检查仍无法检测到一部分潜在侵袭性的结直肠病变。光学结肠镜检查虽然非常有效，但依靠直接观察来检测与发育异常一致的表面黏膜变化。内镜技术和分子成像的最新进展使结肠黏膜的微观可视化成为可能。这些技术可以与各种识别并靶向异质性病变表面的分子探针相结合，以实现对癌前病变的早期、实时且可能非侵入性的检测。本综述的主要目标是将现有的和新出现的结直肠癌表面生物标志物置于背景中，并评估每种生物标志物作为基于标志物的早期检测结直肠癌病变候选标志物的潜力。我们纳入的结直肠癌标志物根据从同行评审出版物、摘要以及结直肠癌和其他癌症数据库中获得的支持程度进行了分层。所选的生物标志物可在细胞表面获取，最好在结肠组织的腔表面获取，分为三类：（1）已确立的生物标志物（有大量数据且可信度高的那些），（2）新兴生物标志物（研究兴趣不断增加但支持数据较少的那些），以及（3）新候选物（有最新数据和/或来自其他组织系统的支持证据的那些）。我们还概述了有助于视觉检测表面生物标志物的成像技术的最新进展，并讨论了这些方法与微观可视化相结合的难易程度。
