Liesner Marvin, Hinz Nina-Alisa, Kunde Wilfried
Department of Cognitive Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Department of Psychology, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Jul 6;15:697810. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.697810. eCollection 2021.
Objects which a human agent controls by efferent activities (such as real or virtual tools) can be perceived by the agent as belonging to his or her body. This suggests that what an agent counts as "body" is plastic, depending on what she or he controls. Yet there are possible limitations for such momentary plasticity. One of these limitations is that sensations stemming from the body (e.g., proprioception) and sensations stemming from objects outside the body (e.g., vision) are not integrated if they do not sufficiently "match". What "matches" and what does not is conceivably determined by long-term experience with the perceptual changes that body movements typically produce. Children have accumulated less sensorimotor experience than adults have. Consequently, they express higher flexibility to integrate body-internal and body-external signals, independent of their "match" as suggested by rubber hand illusion studies. However, children's motor performance in tool use is more affected by mismatching body-internal and body-external action effects than that of adults, possibly because of less developed means to overcome such mismatches. We review research on perception-action interactions, multisensory integration, and developmental psychology to build bridges between these research fields. By doing so, we account for the flexibility of the sense of body ownership for actively controlled events and its development through ontogeny. This gives us the opportunity to validate the suggested mechanisms for generating ownership by investigating their effects in still developing and incomplete stages in children. We suggest testable predictions for future studies investigating both body ownership and motor skills throughout the lifespan.
人类主体通过传出活动控制的物体（如真实或虚拟工具）可被主体视为属于其身体。这表明主体所认定的“身体”具有可塑性，取决于其控制的对象。然而，这种瞬间可塑性可能存在局限。其中一个局限是，如果身体产生的感觉（如本体感觉）和身体外部物体产生的感觉（如视觉）没有充分“匹配”，它们就不会整合。可以想象，什么“匹配”以及什么不“匹配”是由对身体运动通常产生的感知变化的长期经验所决定的。儿童积累的感觉运动经验比成人少。因此，与橡胶手错觉研究表明的情况无关，他们在整合身体内部和身体外部信号方面表现出更高的灵活性。然而，儿童在工具使用中的运动表现比成人更容易受到身体内部和身体外部动作效果不匹配的影响，这可能是因为他们克服这种不匹配的手段不够发达。我们回顾了关于感知 - 动作交互、多感官整合和发展心理学的研究，以在这些研究领域之间架起桥梁。通过这样做，我们解释了在主动控制事件中身体所有权感的灵活性及其在个体发育过程中的发展。这使我们有机会通过研究这些机制在儿童仍在发展且不完整阶段的影响来验证所提出的产生所有权的机制。我们为未来研究提出了可测试的预测，这些研究将贯穿整个生命周期来探究身体所有权和运动技能。
