Baumgartner Lisa, Weberruß Heidi, Engl Tobias, Schulz Thorsten, Oberhoffer-Fritz Renate
Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, TUM Department of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Jul 8;8:618294. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.618294. eCollection 2021.
Even though exercise generally has a positive effect on health, intensive exercise can have adverse effects on the vascular system of adults. This study aimed to investigate the association between training duration and intensity and vascular structure and function in 427 physically active children and adolescents (14.0 ± 1.94 years). In this study, we examined carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid diameter, and cIMT:diameter-ratio as parameters of carotid arterial structure and arterial compliance (AC), stiffness index β (β), elastic modulus (Ep), and carotid pulse wave velocity (PWVβ) as parameters of carotid arterial function with high-resolution ultrasound. We collected central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) as parameters of central arterial stiffness with an oscillometric device. We used the MoMo Physical Activity Questionnaire to record training duration and intensity. Training duration ( = 0.022) and intensity ( = 0.024) were associated with higher cIMT. Further, training duration was associated with lower central arterial stiffness (cSBP: = 0.001; aPWV: = 0.033) and improved AC ( < 0.001). Higher training intensity was related to improved AC ( < 0.001) and larger carotid diameter ( = 0.040). Boys presented thicker cIMT ( = 0.010), improved AC ( = 0.006), and lower central arterial stiffness (cSBP: < 0.001; aPWV: = 0.016) associated with higher training duration. Girls presented improved AC ( = 0.023) and lower Ep ( = 0.038) but higher β ( = 0.036) associated with higher training duration. Only boys demonstrated thicker cIMT ( = 0.016) and improved AC ( = 0.002) associated with higher training intensity. A quintile analyses of the training duration revealed thicker cIMT of children and adolescents in Q1 and Q5 than that in Q4 and Q5. Besides, Q1 showed lower cSBP compared to Q4 and Q5. Regarding training intensity, Q5 had thicker cIMT than Q2 and Q3. Although a higher training load is associated with thicker cIMT, the common carotid artery is also more elastic. This suggests that a higher training load leads to a functional adaptation of the carotid artery in youth.
尽管运动通常对健康有积极影响，但高强度运动可能会对成年人的血管系统产生不利影响。本研究旨在调查427名身体活跃的儿童和青少年（14.0±1.94岁）的训练持续时间和强度与血管结构和功能之间的关联。在本研究中，我们使用高分辨率超声检查颈动脉内膜中层厚度（cIMT）、颈动脉直径以及cIMT与直径之比作为颈动脉结构参数，以及动脉顺应性（AC）、硬度指数β（β）、弹性模量（Ep）和颈动脉脉搏波速度（PWVβ）作为颈动脉功能参数。我们使用示波装置收集中心收缩压（cSBP）和主动脉脉搏波速度（aPWV）作为中心动脉硬度参数。我们使用MoMo身体活动问卷记录训练持续时间和强度。训练持续时间（P = 0.022）和强度（P = 0.024）与较高的cIMT相关。此外，训练持续时间与较低的中心动脉硬度（cSBP：P = 0.001；aPWV：P = 0.033）和改善的AC（P < 0.001）相关。较高的训练强度与改善的AC（P < 0.001）和较大的颈动脉直径（P = 0.040）相关。男孩的cIMT较厚（P = 0.010）、AC改善（P = 0.006）且中心动脉硬度较低（cSBP：P < 0.001；aPWV：P = 0.016），这与较高的训练持续时间相关。女孩的AC改善（P = 0.023）、Ep较低（P = 0.038）但β较高（P = 0.036），这与较高的训练持续时间相关。只有男孩表现出cIMT较厚（P = 0.016）和AC改善（P = 0.002），这与较高的训练强度相关。对训练持续时间进行五分位数分析发现，第1和第5五分位数的儿童和青少年的cIMT比第4和第5五分位数的厚。此外，第1五分位数的cSBP低于第4和第5五分位数。关于训练强度，第5五分位数的cIMT比第2和第3五分位数的厚。尽管较高的训练负荷与较厚的cIMT相关，但颈总动脉也更具弹性。这表明较高的训练负荷会导致青少年颈动脉的功能适应。
