National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
Mol Biotechnol. 2021 Dec;63(12):1103-1124. doi: 10.1007/s12033-021-00371-2. Epub 2021 Jul 26.
Antibiotics have been denoted as the orthodox therapeutic agents for fighting bacteria-related infections in clinical practices for decades. Nevertheless, overuse of antibiotics has led to the upsurge of species with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or multi-drug resistance. Bacteria can also grow into the biofilm, which accounts for at least two-thirds of infections. Distinct gene expression and self-produced heterogeneous hydrated extracellular polymeric substance matrix architecture of biofilm contribute to their tolerance and externally manifest as antibiotic resistance. In this review, the difficulties in combating biofilm formation and AMR are introduced, and novel alternatives to antibiotics such as metal nanoparticles and quaternary ammonium compounds, chitosan and its derivatives, antimicrobial peptides, stimuli-responsive materials, phage therapy and other therapeutic strategies, from compounds to hydrogel, from inorganic to biological, are discussed. We expect to provide useful information for the readers who are seeking for solutions to the problem of AMR and biofilm-related infections.
抗生素作为对抗临床细菌感染的传统治疗药物已应用数十年。然而，抗生素的过度使用导致了具有抗微生物药物耐药性（AMR）或多药耐药性的物种的激增。细菌还可以生长成生物膜，生物膜至少占感染的三分之二。生物膜独特的基因表达和自产生的异质水合细胞外聚合物基质结构有助于其耐受，并且在外表现为抗生素耐药性。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了对抗生物膜形成和 AMR 的困难，并讨论了抗生素的替代方法，例如金属纳米粒子和季铵化合物、壳聚糖及其衍生物、抗菌肽、响应性材料、噬菌体治疗和其他治疗策略，从化合物到水凝胶，从无机到生物。我们希望为寻求解决 AMR 和生物膜相关感染问题的读者提供有用的信息。
