Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ageing Res Rev. 2021 Sep;70:101416. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416. Epub 2021 Jul 27.
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.
嗅觉功能的改变被认为是神经退行性变的早期生物标志物。许多神经退行性疾病与年龄相关，包括两种最常见的疾病：帕金森病（PD）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）。建立促进早期风险识别的生物标志物对于实施早期治疗以推迟或避免病理发展至关重要。嗅觉功能障碍（OD）在 90%的早期 PD 患者和 85%的早期 AD 患者中可见，这使其成为这些疾病早期诊断的有吸引力的生物标志物。在这里，我们系统地回顾了广泛应用于人类的嗅觉测试以及一些动物模型中的嗅觉评估，以及 OD 与正常衰老、PD、AD 和其他疾病之间的关系。我们还讨论了 OD 作为神经退行性疾病诊断的生物标志物的效用以及未来的研究方向。
