Breaking the Accessibility Barrier in Non-Visual Interaction with PDF Forms.

PDF forms are ubiquitous. Businesses big and small, government agencies, health and educational institutions and many others have all embraced PDF forms. People use PDF forms for providing information to these entities. But people who are blind frequently find it very difficult to fill out PDF forms with screen readers, the standard assistive software that they use for interacting with computer applications. Firstly, many of the them are not even accessible as they are non-interactive and hence not editable on a computer. Secondly, even if they are interactive, it is not always easy to associate the correct labels with the form fields, either because the labels are not meaningful or the sequential reading order of the screen reader misses the visual cues that associate the correct labels with the fields. In this paper we present a solution to the accessibility problem of PDF forms. We leverage the fact that many people with visual impairments are familiar with web browsing and are proficient at filling out web forms. Thus, we create a web form layer over the PDF form via a high fidelity transformation process that attempts to preserve all the spatial relationships of the PDF elements including forms, their labels and the textual content. Blind people only interact with the web forms, and the filled out web form fields are transparently transferred to the corresponding fields in the PDF form. An optimization algorithm automatically adjusts the length and width of the PDF fields to accommodate arbitrary size field data. This ensures that the filled out PDF document does not have any truncated form-field values, and additionally, it is readable. A user study with fourteen users with visual impairments revealed that they were able to populate more form fields than the status quo and the self-reported user experience with the proposed interface was superior compared to the status quo.