Institute of Biodiversity, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil.
Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2022;23(3):420-443. doi: 10.2174/1389201022666210521102307.
Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge area with numerous industrial applications. Nanoparticles are structures that have dimensions ranging from 1 - 100 nm, which significantly exhibit different mechanical, optical, electrical, and chemical properties when compared with their larger counterparts. Synthetic routes that use natural sources, such as plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms, are environmentally friendly and low-cost methods that can be used to obtain nanoparticles. These methods of synthesis generate products that are more stable and less toxic than those obtained using conventional methods. Nanoparticles formed by titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver, gold, and copper, as well as cellulose nanocrystals, are among the nanostructures obtained by green synthesis that have shown interesting applications in several technological industries. Several analytical techniques have also been used to analyze the size, morphology, hydrodynamics, diameter, and chemical functional groups involved in the stabilization of the nanoparticles as well as to quantify and evaluate their formation. Despite their pharmaceutical, biotechnological, cosmetic, and food applications, studies have detected their harmful effects on human health and the environment, and thus, caution must be taken in uses involving living organisms. The present review aims to present an overview of the applications, the structural properties, and the green synthesis methods that are used to obtain nanoparticles, and special attention is given to those obtained from metal ions. The review also presents the analytical methods used to analyze, quantify, and characterize these nanostructures.
纳米技术是一个具有众多工业应用的前沿领域。纳米粒子是一种具有 1-100nm 尺寸的结构，与较大的同类相比，它们具有显著不同的机械、光学、电学和化学性质。使用天然来源（如植物提取物、蜂蜜和微生物）的合成途径是环保且低成本的方法，可以用来获得纳米粒子。这些合成方法生成的产品比使用传统方法获得的产品更稳定、毒性更小。通过绿色合成获得的纳米结构包括由二氧化钛、氧化锌、银、金和铜形成的纳米粒子以及纤维素纳米晶体，它们在几个技术行业的应用中表现出了有趣的特性。还使用了几种分析技术来分析纳米粒子的稳定性所涉及的尺寸、形态、流体动力学、直径和化学官能团，并对其形成进行定量和评估。尽管纳米粒子在药物、生物技术、化妆品和食品等领域有应用，但研究已经检测到它们对人类健康和环境的有害影响，因此在涉及生物体的使用中必须谨慎。本综述旨在介绍纳米粒子的应用、结构特性和绿色合成方法，特别关注那些从金属离子获得的纳米粒子。还介绍了用于分析、定量和表征这些纳米结构的分析方法。
