Polyphasic Approach Utilized for the Identification of Two New Toxigenic Members of Section , and spp. nov.

Two new species, (isolated from the air as a lab contaminant in Tulln (Austria, EU)) and (isolated as an endophyte from asymptomatic milk thistle () stems from Josephine County (Oregon, USA)) are described. The new taxa are well supported by phenotypic (especially conidial ornamentation under SEM, production of red exudate and red pigments), physiological (growth at 37 °C, response to cycloheximide and CREA), chemotaxonomic (production of specific extrolites), and multilocus phylogenetic analysis using RNA-polymerase II second largest subunit (), partial tubulin (), and calmodulin (). Both new taxa are resolved within the section in series and show phylogenetic affiliation to . They produce a large spectrum of toxic anthraquinoid pigments, namely, monomeric anthraquinones related to emodic and chloremodic acids and other interesting bioactive extrolites (i.e., endocrocin, paxilline, pestalotin, and 7-hydroxypestalotin). Of note, two bianthraquinones (i.e., skyrin and oxyskyrin) were detected in a culture extract of . Two new chloroemodic acid derivatives (2-chloro-isorhodoptilometrin and 2-chloro-desmethyldermoquinone) isolated from the exudate of ex-type culture were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).