Borzée Amaël, Litvinchuk Spartak N, Ri Kyongsim, Andersen Desiree, Nam Tu Yong, Jon Gwang Hyok, Man Ho Song, Choe Jong Sik, Kwon Sera, Othman Siti N, Messenger Kevin, Bae Yoonhyuk, Shin Yucheol, Kim Ajoung, Maslova Irina, Luedtke Jennifer, Hobin Louise, Moores Nial, Seliger Bernhard, Glenk Felix, Jang Yikweon
Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Nanjing 210037, China.
Amphibian Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Toronto, ON L5A, Canada.
Animals (Basel). 2021 Jul 9;11(7):2057. doi: 10.3390/ani11072057.
Determining the range, status, ecology and behaviour of species from areas where surveys and samplings are uncommon or difficult to conduct is a challenge, such as in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPR Korea). Here, we used genetic samples, field surveys, call recordings, photographic identification and a literature review to estimate the presence, range and status of amphibians in the DPR Korea. From our combined results and based on the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, we were able to estimate the national threat levels for most species. Our results demonstrated the presence of 18 native species and the suspected presence of and two species. We reported the first record for in the vicinity of Pyongyang using molecular tools and similarly confirmed the presence of at the same location. Based on distribution and modelling, we can expect the contact zone between species within the and genera to be located along the Changbai Massif, a mountain range that marks a shift in ecoregions and acts as a barrier to dispersion. The species richness was higher in the lowlands and at lower latitudes, with such areas populated by up to 11 species, while more northern regions were characterised by species richness of about half of that value. The combination of ecological models and known threats resulted in the recommendation of ten species as threatened at the national level following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. This high number of threatened species was anticipated based on the high threat level to amphibians in bordering nations and globally. While the ecology of species in the DPR Korea is still understudied, we argue that species relying on agricultural wetlands such as rice paddies are not under imminent threat due to the enduring presence of extensive agricultural landscapes with low rates of chemical use and mechanisation. The maintenance of such landscapes is a clear benefit to amphibian species, in contrast to more industrialised agricultural landscapes in neighbouring nations. In comparison, the status of species dependent on forested habitats is unclear and threat levels are likely to be higher because of deforestation, as in neighbouring nations.
对于朝鲜这样调查和采样工作开展较少或难度较大的地区，确定物种的分布范围、现状、生态和行为是一项挑战。在此，我们运用基因样本、实地调查、叫声记录、照片识别以及文献综述来估算朝鲜两栖动物的分布、范围和现状。综合各项结果，并依据世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）红色名录的分类和标准，我们能够估算出大多数物种在朝鲜面临的威胁程度。我们的研究结果表明朝鲜存在18种本土物种，疑似存在[此处原文缺失相关物种信息]和两种[此处原文缺失相关物种信息]物种。我们利用分子工具首次记录到平壤附近存在[此处原文缺失相关物种信息]，并同样证实了同一地点存在[此处原文缺失相关物种信息]。基于分布情况和模型分析，我们预计[此处原文缺失相关属名]属和[此处原文缺失相关属名]属内物种的接触带将位于长白山地块沿线，该山脉标志着生态区域的转变，并且是物种扩散的障碍。低地和低纬度地区的物种丰富度更高，这些地区有多达11种物种，而更北部的地区物种丰富度约为该数值的一半。结合生态模型和已知威胁因素，依据IUCN红色名录的分类和标准，我们建议将10种物种列为朝鲜国家层面的受威胁物种。鉴于周边国家以及全球两栖动物面临的高威胁水平，预计会有大量受威胁物种。尽管朝鲜物种的生态情况仍有待深入研究，但我们认为，由于朝鲜存在大量化学物质使用和机械化程度较低的广泛农业景观，依赖稻田等农业湿地的物种目前并未面临紧迫威胁。与周边国家工业化程度更高的农业景观相比，这种景观的维持对两栖动物物种显然有益。相比之下，依赖森林栖息地的物种现状尚不明确，由于森林砍伐，其面临的威胁程度可能更高，情况与周边国家类似。
