Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Campus UAZ Siglo XXI, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km. 6, Ejido La Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 29;18(15):8045. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18158045.
The supply of drinking water to the population is an important challenge facing humanity, since both surface and underground sources present a great variability of water storage with respect to space and time. This problem is further aggravated in arid and semi-arid areas where rainfall is low and torrential, which makes groundwater the main source of supply; therefore, it is necessary to carry out studies that allow evaluating the evolution of the quantity and quality of water. This study addresses the behavior of groundwater in a semi-arid region, considering the theory of flow systems to identify movement as well as water quality, es determined by a water quality index (WQI), calculated considering arsenic and fluorine. In addition, a quality irrigation classification is used, employing the norms in accordance with international standards and the Mexican Norm, which allows for a comparison. Local, regional, intermediate and mixed flow systems are identified, and the evolution of cations and anions in addition to temperature is examined. It is observed that the drinking water quality index classifies them as excellent in most of the monitored wells (<50), but with a negative evolution. Regarding irrigation, most of the water samples are classified without restriction for the establishment of any type II crop (CS) and with restrictions for horticultural crops. It is observed that arsenic had values between 0.49 and 61.40 (µg/L) in 2005, while in 2015 they were between 0.10 and 241.30 (µg/L). In addition, fluoride presented values between 0.00 and 2.6 (mg/L) in 2005, while in 2015 they were between 0.28 and 5.40 (mg/L). The correlations between arsenic and fluorine are noted as well as WQI and SAR. A finding in this research was to include arsenic and fluorine in the calculation of the WQI allowing a better interpretation of the quality of water for both human consumption and for agricultural use to based on this make the best decision to control any harmful effects for the population, in addition to identifying the appropriate purification treatment required to control pollutants. It is concluded that arsenic is an element of utmost importance when considering water quality, so it is necessary to examine its evolution and continue to monitor its levels constantly.
向人口供应饮用水是人类面临的重要挑战，因为地表水和地下水在空间和时间上的储水都存在很大的变异性。在干旱和半干旱地区，降雨稀少且集中，这使得地下水成为主要的供水源，因此，有必要开展研究，评估水量和水质的演变。本研究探讨了半干旱地区地下水的行为，考虑到水流系统理论来识别水流和水质，水质由水质指数（WQI）确定，该指数是考虑砷和氟计算得出的。此外，还使用了符合国际标准和墨西哥标准的质量灌溉分类，以便进行比较。确定了局部、区域、中间和混合水流系统，并研究了温度以外的阳离子和阴离子的演变。结果表明，饮用水质量指数将大部分监测井的水质归类为优秀（<50），但呈负向演变。关于灌溉，大多数水样被归类为无需限制任何 II 类作物（CS）和园艺作物的限制。结果表明，砷在 2005 年的浓度在 0.49 至 61.40（µg/L）之间，而在 2015 年的浓度在 0.10 至 241.30（µg/L）之间。此外，氟化物在 2005 年的浓度在 0.00 至 2.6（mg/L）之间，而在 2015 年的浓度在 0.28 至 5.40（mg/L）之间。还注意到砷和氟之间的相关性以及 WQI 和 SAR。本研究的一个发现是在 WQI 的计算中包含砷和氟，以便更好地解释人类消费和农业用水的水质，并在此基础上做出最佳决策来控制对人口的任何有害影响，此外还确定了所需的适当净化处理来控制污染物。结论是，砷是水质考虑的最重要元素之一，因此有必要检查其演变并继续持续监测其水平。
