Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Special Populations.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the worldwide. With the growing burden of cancer, the studies on early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer are rapidly increasing. Recently, many new therapeutic strategies have been discovered, among which immunotherapy has dramatically changed the outlook for cancer treatment. Several clinical trials are underway around the world to produce potential treatments. However, these trials set certain strict joining conditions, so that the clinical data cannot be fully applied in the real world. To help clinical oncologists with treatment decision-making, this review collected recent studies on special populations receiving immunotherapy, including organ transplant patients, pregnant women, pediatric patients, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, patients with human immunodeficiency virus, and patients with autoimmune diseases and mental illness.