Comprehensive assessment of water quality through different approaches: Physicochemical and ecotoxicological parameters.

Traditionally, water quality was assessed by physicochemical parameters. However, a more comprehensive analysis is needed to study the effects of polluted water bodies on key species over time. So, the aim of this study was to monitor through physicochemical and ecotoxicological indicators the surface water quality of four study sites with different land uses from the lower Paraná river basin (Argentina) during spring and summer of two years: Morejón stream (S1), De la Cruz stream upstream (S2), downstream (S3) and Arrecifes river (S4). Physicochemical parameters were measured in situ and in laboratory, and a Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated. Chronic toxicity bioassays were performed with surface water samples using Rhinella arenarum embryos and larvae. Also, oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation), neurotoxicity (butyrylcholinesterase) and genotoxicity (micronuclei frequency) biomarkers were measured at acute exposure, and an Integrated Biomarkers Response (IBR) index was calculated. The water quality varied between excellent and bad in S1, good and bad in S2 and S3, and bad and marginal in S4. S1 presented the greatest variability of pesticides and S4 the highest number of metals exceeding the limits for the local protection of aquatic life. Mainly, S4 caused lethality in R. arenarum larvae, reaching a maximum mortality of 83.3% at 504 h of exposure. The lethal toxicity of S1 and S2 varied between periods. Water samples from all sites altered the oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and genotoxicity biomarkers, and the IBR was negatively correlated with the WQI. The IBR reflected the effects of the degraded water quality on the exposed organisms. So, the importance of evaluating both physicochemical and ecotoxicological parameters to analyze integrally the water quality of polluted areas is highlighted. A degradation of the studied water bodies and its negative impact to the native amphibian R. arenarum were observed.