Boddez Yannick, Finn Martin, De Houwer Jan
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University; Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2021 Oct;41:113-117. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.005. Epub 2021 Jul 17.
Little is known about why people behave the way they do in threatening situations. Some theories invoke a transfer of responses from unconditioned stimuli (US) to conditioned stimuli (CS), but this principle goes astray because responses to the US and CS can differ substantially. The idea that we introduce here is that the pattern of responses to a newly established CS does not come from the US but (at least partly) transfers from how one (learned to) respond(s) to previously encountered stimuli with threat value. So, we conceptualize threat value as a stimulus feature that allows responses to transfer between stimuli that share this feature (in the same way as, for example, overlap in color or shape can support transfer). In contrast to prevailing views, this new perspective focuses on the relation between the CS and already established threat signals rather than on the relation between the CS and the US. We discuss how this shared features perspective on human fear responding can inspire future directions in both the laboratory and clinical practice.
对于人们在威胁情境中的行为方式，我们知之甚少。一些理论援引了从无条件刺激（US）到条件刺激（CS）的反应转移，但这一原则并不适用，因为对无条件刺激和条件刺激的反应可能有很大差异。我们在此提出的观点是，对新建立的条件刺激的反应模式并非来自无条件刺激，而是（至少部分地）从一个人（学会）对先前遇到的具有威胁价值的刺激的反应方式转移而来。因此，我们将威胁价值概念化为一种刺激特征，它允许反应在具有此特征的刺激之间转移（例如，颜色或形状的重叠可以支持转移，其方式与此相同）。与主流观点不同，这一新视角关注的是条件刺激与已建立的威胁信号之间的关系，而非条件刺激与无条件刺激之间的关系。我们将讨论这种关于人类恐惧反应的共享特征视角如何能够为实验室研究和临床实践的未来方向提供启发。
