Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich. Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
Environ Health. 2021 Aug 25;20(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12940-021-00777-0.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical mostly used in the manufacture of plastics, resins and thermal paper. Several studies have reported adverse health effects with BPA exposures, namely metabolic disorders and altered neurodevelopment in children, among others. The aim of this study was to explore BPA exposure, its socio-demographic and life-style related determinants, and its association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in early school age children from Poland.
A total of 250 urine samples of 7 year-old children from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL) were analyzed for BPA concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography with online sample clean-up coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (online-SPE-LC-MS/MS). Socio-demographic and lifestyle-related data was collected by questionnaires or additional biomarker measurements. Emotional and behavioral symptoms in children were assessed using mother-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Cognitive and psychomotor development was evaluated by Polish adaptation of the Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS) performed by trained psychologists.
Urinary BPA concentrations and back-calculated daily intakes (medians of 1.8 μg/l and 46.3 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) were similar to other European studies. Urinary cotinine levels and body mass index, together with maternal educational level and socio-economic status, were the main determinants of BPA levels in Polish children. After adjusting for confounding factors, BPA has been found to be positively associated with emotional symptoms (β: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.022; 0.27). Cognitive and psychomotor development were not found to be related to BPA levels.
This study represents the first report of BPA levels and their determinants in school age children in Poland. The exposure level was found to be related to child emotional condition, which can have long-term consequences including social functioning and scholastic achievements. Further monitoring of this population in terms of overall chemical exposure is required.
双酚 A（BPA）是一种工业化学物质，主要用于制造塑料、树脂和热敏纸。多项研究报告称，BPA 暴露会对健康产生不良影响，包括代谢紊乱和儿童神经发育改变等。本研究旨在探讨波兰学龄儿童的 BPA 暴露水平、其社会人口统计学和生活方式相关决定因素，以及与神经发育结局的关系。
使用高效液相色谱法-在线样品净化-串联质谱法（online-SPE-LC-MS/MS）对来自波兰母婴队列研究（REPRO_PL）的 250 名 7 岁儿童的尿液样本进行 BPA 浓度分析。通过问卷或额外的生物标志物测量收集社会人口统计学和生活方式相关数据。使用母亲报告的长处和困难问卷（SDQ）评估儿童的情绪和行为症状。通过受过培训的心理学家进行的波兰版智力和发育量表（IDS）评估认知和心理运动发育。
尿液 BPA 浓度和反向推算的日摄入量（中位数分别为 1.8μg/l 和 46.3ng/kg bw/day）与其他欧洲研究相似。尿可替宁水平和体重指数，以及母亲的教育水平和社会经济地位，是波兰儿童 BPA 水平的主要决定因素。在调整混杂因素后，发现 BPA 与情绪症状呈正相关（β：0.14，95%CI：0.022；0.27）。认知和心理运动发育与 BPA 水平无关。
本研究首次报告了波兰学龄儿童的 BPA 水平及其决定因素。暴露水平与儿童的情绪状况有关，这可能会产生长期影响，包括社交功能和学业成绩。需要进一步监测该人群的总体化学暴露情况。
