Functions of the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on Key Developmental Features Revealed in a Series of Zebrafish Dyshormonogenesis Models.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulates many critical features in vertebrates. Utilizing TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit beta a (), thyroglobulin (), and solute carrier family 16 member 2 () mutant zebrafish lines were generated. Among the three mutants, the earliest time point for the significantly altered T3 contents was observed in mutants, which resulted in the most severe defects, including typical defects such as the retardation of inflated anterior swimming bladder (aSB), proper formation of fin ray and posterior squamation (SP), the larval-to-juvenile transition (LTJT) process, juvenile growth retardation, and mating failure. In mutants, which are actually compensated with an alternative splicing form, growth retardation was observed in the juvenile stage without LTJT and reproductive defects. The evident goiter phenotype was only observed in - and mutants, but not in mutants. Other than goiters being observed, no other significant developmental defects were found in the mutants. Regarding the reproductive defects observed in mutants, the defective formation of the secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) was observed, while no obvious alterations during gonad development were found. Based on our analyses, zebrafish at the 6-12 mm standard length or 16-35 days post-fertilization (dpf) should be considered to be in their LTJT phase. Using a series of zebrafish dyshormonogenesis models, this study demonstrated that the TSH function is critical for the proper promotion of zebrafish LTJT and SSC formation. In addition, the elevation of TSH levels appears to be essential for goiter appearance in zebrafish.