Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 6;22(16):8441. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168441.
Anthocyanins contribute to the quality and flavour of fruits. They are produced through the phenylpropanoid pathway, which is regulated by specific key genes that have been identified in many species. The dominant anthocyanin forms are reversibly transformed at different pH states, thus forming different colours in aqueous solutions. In plants, anthocyanins are controlled by specific factors of the biosynthetic pathway: light, temperature, phytohormones and transcription factors. Although great progress in research on anthocyanin structures and the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis has been made, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in different plants remain less clear. In addition, the co-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis is poorly understood. In this review, we summarise previous findings on anthocyanin biosynthesis, including the biochemical and biological features of anthocyanins; differences in anthocyanin biosynthesis among fruit species, i.e., apple, red pear, and the model plant ; and the developmental and environmental regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. This review reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in different plant species and provides valuable information for the development of anthocyanin-rich red-skinned and red-fleshed apple and pear varieties.
花色苷影响水果的品质和风味。它们是通过苯丙烷途径产生的，该途径受许多物种中已鉴定出的特定关键基因调控。主要的花色苷形式在不同的 pH 状态下可发生可逆转化，因此在水溶液中形成不同的颜色。在植物中，花色苷受生物合成途径的特定因素控制：光、温度、植物激素和转录因子。尽管在花色苷结构和花色苷生物合成调控方面取得了很大进展，但不同植物中花色苷生物合成的分子调控机制仍不清楚。此外，花色苷生物合成的协同调控也知之甚少。在这篇综述中，我们总结了花色苷生物合成的先前发现，包括花色苷的生化和生物学特征；不同水果物种（如苹果、红梨和模式植物）之间花色苷生物合成的差异；以及花色苷积累的发育和环境调控。这篇综述揭示了不同植物物种中花色苷生物合成的分子机制，为开发富含花色苷的红皮红肉苹果和梨品种提供了有价值的信息。
