Effector differentiation downstream of lineage commitment in ILC1s is driven by Hobit across tissues.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) participate in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and early immunity against infection. It is unclear how ILCs acquire effector function and whether these mechanisms differ between organs. Through multiplexed single-cell mRNA sequencing, we identified cKitCD127TCF-1 early differentiation stages of T-bet ILC1s. These cells were present across different organs and had the potential to mature toward CD127TCF-1 and CD127TCF-1 ILC1s. Paralleling a gradual loss of TCF-1, differentiating ILC1s forfeited their expansion potential while increasing expression of effector molecules, reminiscent of T cell differentiation in secondary lymphoid organs. The transcription factor Hobit was induced in TCF-1 ILC1s and was required for their effector differentiation. These findings reveal sequential mechanisms of ILC1 lineage commitment and effector differentiation that are conserved across tissues. Our analyses suggest that ILC1s emerge as TCF-1 cells in the periphery and acquire a spectrum of organ-specific effector phenotypes through a uniform Hobit-dependent differentiation pathway driven by local cues.