POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
Group of Polymers and Polymerization Reactors, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Güemes 3450, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2022 Jan 17;61(3):e202107960. doi: 10.1002/anie.202107960. Epub 2021 Oct 1.
Skin penetration of active molecules for treatment of diverse diseases is a major field of research owing to the advantages associated with the skin like easy accessibility, reduced systemic-derived side effects, and increased therapeutic efficacy. Despite these advantages, dermal drug delivery is generally challenging due to the low skin permeability of therapeutics. Although various methods have been developed to improve skin penetration and permeation of therapeutics, they are usually aggressive and could lead to irreversible damage to the stratum corneum. Nanosized carrier systems represent an alternative approach for current technologies, with minimal damage to the natural barrier function of skin. In this Review, the use of nanoparticles to deliver drug molecules, genetic material, and vaccines into the skin is discussed. In addition, nanotoxicology studies and the recent clinical development of nanoparticles are highlighted to shed light on their potential to undergo market translation.
皮肤是人体与外界环境直接接触的第一道生理屏障，具有独特的物理化学性质，能够阻止大部分异物进入体内。同时，皮肤也成为药物进入体内的主要障碍，只有少数脂溶性药物和相对较大的分子（如肽和蛋白质）可以通过皮肤扩散进入体内。为了克服皮肤的屏障作用，人们开发了多种方法来促进药物的经皮渗透，如化学促渗剂、离子电渗、超声、微针和经皮给药系统等。这些方法虽然在一定程度上提高了药物的经皮渗透，但也存在一些问题，如刺激性、效率低、不持久等。
因此，寻找一种安全、有效、可持续的药物传递方法仍然是一个挑战。近年来，纳米技术的发展为药物经皮传递提供了新的思路和方法。纳米载体可以通过改变药物的物理化学性质、增加药物在皮肤中的滞留时间、提高药物的生物利用度等，从而提高药物的经皮渗透效果。纳米载体包括纳米乳、纳米胶束、纳米球、纳米囊、纳米纤维等多种类型，它们可以通过不同的制备方法和给药途径来实现药物的经皮传递。
本文综述了近年来利用纳米载体系统提高药物经皮渗透的研究进展，包括纳米载体的类型、制备方法、给药途径、体内评价等，并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。
