Erinoso Olufemi, Oyapero Afolabi, Osoba Moyosoore, Amure Mary, Osibogun Olatokunbo, Wright Kikelomo, Osibogun Akin
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria.
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria.
Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021 Apr-Jun;28(2):117-125. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_530_21.
Waterpipe smoking (WPS) has been reported to have a wide range of damaging health effects on pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Studies suggest that waterpipe tobacco smoking is associated with reduced harm perceptions, mental health problems and the use of psychoactive substances. We investigate the patterns of use and the association of WPS with anxiety, poly-tobacco and alcohol use in Lagos, Nigeria.
A cross-sectional study design was used to assess the data from 818 adolescents and adults in Lagos State, Nigeria. An online questionnaire obtained demographic information, waterpipe, e-cigarette, alcohol and other tobacco product use from respondents. Anxiety was assessed using the validated Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-point scale. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with waterpipe ever-use. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The mean (standard deviation) age of respondents was 23.43 (±3.96), over half were female (55.2%) and a majority had a college diploma or more (88.59%). Among study participants, 18.58% reported waterpipe ever-use. Among ever waterpipe users, 17.33% reported current use (past 30-days), with a majority having smoked waterpipe in a bar or pub. Alcohol use (P < 0.001), e-cigarette ever-use (P: 0.010) and poly-tobacco ever-use (P: 0.030) were significantly associated with higher odds of waterpipe use in the multivariate regression model. Further, there was a lower likelihood of waterpipe ever-use in the bivariate regression model among respondents with mild and moderate to severe anxiety levels than those with normal anxiety levels (P: 0.030); however, this association was no longer significant in the adjusted model.
Our findings suggest a relatively high prevalence of WPS in Lagos, Nigeria. Concurrent alcohol consumption, e-cigarette and poly-tobacco use are associated with WPS, and most waterpipe smokers have normal anxiety levels. The Nigerian Government should consider surveillance measures for WPS and a more comprehensive smoke-free policy.
据报道，水烟吸食（WPS）对肺部和心血管系统有广泛的健康危害。研究表明，吸食水烟与危害认知降低、心理健康问题以及精神活性物质的使用有关。我们调查了尼日利亚拉各斯水烟吸食的使用模式及其与焦虑、多种烟草和酒精使用的关联。
采用横断面研究设计，对尼日利亚拉各斯州818名青少年和成年人的数据进行评估。通过在线问卷获取受访者的人口统计学信息、水烟、电子烟、酒精及其他烟草制品的使用情况。使用经过验证的广泛性焦虑障碍7分量表评估焦虑情况。采用双变量和多变量逻辑回归分析来确定与曾经吸食水烟相关的因素。P < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
受访者的平均（标准差）年龄为23.43（±3.96）岁，超过一半为女性（55.2%），大多数拥有大专及以上学历（88.59%）。在研究参与者中，18.58%的人报告曾经吸食过水烟。在曾经吸食过水烟的人群中，17.33%的人报告当前使用（过去30天内），大多数人在酒吧或酒馆吸食过水烟。在多变量回归模型中，酒精使用（P < 0.001）、曾经使用电子烟（P: 0.010）和曾经使用多种烟草（P: 0.030）与吸食水烟的较高几率显著相关。此外，在双变量回归模型中，轻度和中度至重度焦虑水平的受访者曾经吸食水烟的可能性低于焦虑水平正常的受访者（P: 0.030）；然而，在调整模型中这种关联不再显著。
我们的研究结果表明，尼日利亚拉各斯水烟吸食的患病率相对较高。同时饮酒、使用电子烟和多种烟草与水烟吸食有关，且大多数水烟吸食者焦虑水平正常。尼日利亚政府应考虑对水烟吸食采取监测措施以及更全面的无烟政策。
