Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy.
Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 28;22(17):9327. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179327.
Skeletal muscle is essential to maintain vital functions such as movement, breathing, and thermogenesis, and it is now recognized as an endocrine organ. Muscles release factors named myokines, which can regulate several physiological processes. Moreover, skeletal muscle is particularly important in maintaining body homeostasis, since it is responsible for more than 75% of all insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Alterations of skeletal muscle differentiation and function, with subsequent dysfunctional expression and secretion of myokines, play a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic diseases, finally leading to cardiometabolic complications. Hence, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle function related to energy metabolism is critical for novel strategies to treat and prevent insulin resistance and its cardiometabolic complications. This review will be focused on both cellular and animal models currently available for exploring skeletal muscle metabolism and endocrine function.
骨骼肌对于维持生命活动（如运动、呼吸和产热）至关重要，它现在被认为是一种内分泌器官。肌肉释放的因子被称为肌因子，这些因子可以调节多种生理过程。此外，骨骼肌对于维持身体内环境平衡尤为重要，因为它负责处理超过 75%的所有胰岛素介导的葡萄糖摄取。骨骼肌分化和功能的改变，以及随后肌因子的功能失调表达和分泌，在肥胖症、2 型糖尿病和其他代谢性疾病的发病机制中起着关键作用，最终导致心脏代谢并发症。因此，深入了解调节与能量代谢相关的骨骼肌功能的分子机制对于治疗和预防胰岛素抵抗及其心脏代谢并发症的新策略至关重要。本综述将集中讨论目前可用于探索骨骼肌代谢和内分泌功能的细胞和动物模型。
