Orthopaedic surgeon in private practice, Turkey.
Ann Anat. 2022 Jan;239:151822. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151822. Epub 2021 Sep 9.
The aim of this study was to examine the last period of Max Clara's (1899-1966) life in Istanbul (1950-1966) and his scientific activities there. Clara's career before and during the National Socialist (NS) era was extensively studied, however, almost no information is available regarding his late years and his relationship with old colleagues and the academic world after he was dismissed from the academic life in the postwar period. Max Clara's life in Istanbul was based on primary sources from the Istanbul University Archive. Archival documents were supplemented by analyses of the available secondary literature on the history of Istanbul University and refugee scholars in Turkey, literature on Clara, and Clara's publications. Furthermore, an attempt was made to find Clara's histological and anatomical material that he brought with him from Germany, so that the identities of the NS era victims from whom the material were harvested could potentially be reached. Max Clara's life, academic work, and his relations with the outside world during his Istanbul years were clearly and extensively brought into light. However, his histological and anatomical material which was divided into three parts could not be reached due to the reluctance of universities and faculty members who are the new owners of the material. Clara's involvement of unethical practices during the NS era such as medical experiments on prisoners and use of the unethically procured bodies of the executed was further revealed. The analysis of his academic publications revealed that there are great inconsistencies and distortions in themselves and that these publications are not as important as it was thought. Finally, the author considers that international pressure is needed, as in the case of the Pernkopf Atlas, to reach the anatomical and histological material and honor and memorialize the victims.
本研究旨在考察马克斯·克拉拉（Max Clara，1899-1966 年）在伊斯坦布尔（1950-1966 年）的最后时期及其在那里的科学活动。克拉拉在纳粹时期之前和期间的职业生涯已经得到了广泛研究，然而，几乎没有关于他晚年的信息，也没有关于他在战后被逐出学术界后与老同事和学术界的关系的信息。马克斯·克拉拉在伊斯坦布尔的生活基于伊斯坦布尔大学档案中的原始资料。档案文件通过对伊斯坦布尔大学历史和土耳其难民学者的现有二手文献、关于克拉拉的文献以及克拉拉的出版物的分析进行了补充。此外，还试图找到他从德国带来的组织学和解剖学材料，以便有可能确定这些材料是从哪些纳粹时期的受害者身上采集的。本研究清楚而广泛地揭示了克拉拉在伊斯坦布尔期间的生活、学术工作以及与外界的关系。然而，由于大学和新拥有这些材料的教职员工的不情愿，他的组织学和解剖学材料被分为三部分，无法找到。克拉拉在纳粹时期参与了不道德的行为，如对囚犯进行医学实验和使用非法获取的死刑犯尸体，这一点进一步得到了揭示。对他的学术出版物的分析表明，这些出版物本身存在很大的不一致和扭曲，其重要性并不像人们想象的那么大。最后，作者认为需要像对待佩恩科普夫图谱那样施加国际压力，以找到解剖学和组织学材料，并向受害者表示敬意和纪念。
