Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Italy.
Ann Anat. 2021 Mar;234:151662. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151662. Epub 2021 Jan 2.
This investigation aims to summarize hitherto scattered pieces of evidence of the early biography of Max Clara, especially considering his connections with the Histological Institute of the University of Innsbruck. Max Clara was born in 1899 in South Tyrol, at that time part of the Habsburg Empire. After high school in Bozen and his participation in World War I, Clara studied medicine in Innsbruck, Austria and Leipzig, Germany, graduating from Innsbruck University in 1923. He joined the Corps Gothia, a German Student Corps, at the start of his studies and became socialized as a German nationalist. When the Tyrolean Parliament conducted an illegal referendum in 1921, in which a majority voted for the merger of Tyrol with Germany, the active members of the Gothia spontaneously removed the border barriers between Austria and Bavaria in the municipality of Scharnitz. They brought them to Innsbruck to be deposited in the statehouse. Clara's participation in this activity is not documented but is very likely. Seventy-four per cent of the members of this corps joined the Nazi party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP), even before the annexation of Austria by National Socialist (NS) Germany in 1938. Clara likely met Maximinian de Crinis, an SS officer and high-ranking member of the NS health administration, through contacts within their respective corps. De Crinis supported Clara decisively in the anatomist's appointments as chair of anatomy at the University of Leipzig and later at the University of Munich. Initially, Clara began his academic career at the Institute of Histology and Embryology in Innsbruck as (student) demonstrator, and in 1923 as an assistant. In December 1923 Clara had to leave Innsbruck for Blumau, South Tyrol to take over the medical surgery of his father, who had passed away unexpectedly. Back in Italy, he continued his histological research in his spare time and published a large number of scientific papers. His connections with Innsbruck and especially with histologist Jürg Mathis never ceased.
这项研究旨在总结马克斯·克拉拉（Max Clara）早年生平的零散证据，尤其是他与因斯布鲁克大学组织学研究所的联系。马克斯·克拉拉于 1899 年出生在南蒂罗尔，当时那里是奥匈帝国的一部分。在博岑读完高中并参加第一次世界大战后，克拉拉在奥地利因斯布鲁克和德国莱比锡学习医学，1923 年毕业于因斯布鲁克大学。他在开始学业时加入了哥特亚社团（Corps Gothia），这是一个德国学生社团，并逐渐成为一个德国民族主义者。1921 年，蒂罗尔议会进行了一次非法公投，大多数人投票赞成蒂罗尔与德国合并，哥特亚社团的活跃成员自发地拆除了沙尔尼茨市奥地利和巴伐利亚之间的边境障碍。他们把它们带到因斯布鲁克，存放在州府。克拉拉参与这项活动的记录并不多，但很有可能。该社团的 74%成员在 1938 年纳粹德国（Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei，NSDAP）吞并奥地利之前就已经加入了纳粹党（Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei，NSDAP）。克拉拉很可能通过各自社团的联系结识了党卫军军官和纳粹卫生管理部门的高级成员马克西米利安·德·克里尼斯（Maximinian de Crinis）。德·克里尼斯坚决支持克拉拉在莱比锡大学和后来在慕尼黑大学担任解剖学教授的任命。起初，克拉拉在因斯布鲁克组织学和胚胎学研究所担任（学生）演示员，并于 1923 年担任助理。1923 年 12 月，克拉拉不得不离开因斯布鲁克前往布劳瑙，接管他突然去世的父亲的医疗手术。回到意大利后，他继续在业余时间进行组织学研究，并发表了大量科学论文。他与因斯布鲁克的联系，尤其是与组织学家于尔格·马西斯（Jürg Mathis）的联系从未中断。
