Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
Chemosphere. 2022 Jan;287(Pt 2):132089. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132089. Epub 2021 Aug 31.
Plant essential oil-based insecticides, with special reference to those that may be obtained from largely available biomasses, represent a valuable tool for Integrated Pest Management. However, the sublethal effects and the potential effects on aggressive insect traits of these green insecticides are understudied. Herein, the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the carlina oxide, constituting more than 97% of the whole Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) root essential oil (EO), were determined against an invasive polyphagous tephritid pest, Ceratitis capitata (medfly). The carlina oxide was formulated in a mucilaginous solution containing carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, sucrose, and hydrolysed proteins, showing high ingestion toxicity on medfly adults. The behavioural effects of carlina oxide at LC and LC were evaluated on the medfly aggressive traits, which are crucial for securing reproductive success in both sexes. Insecticide exposure affected the directionality of aggressive actions, but not the aggression escalation intensity and duration. The EO safety to mammals was investigated by studying its acute toxicity on the stomach, liver, and kidney of rats after oral administration. Only the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) of the EO caused modest neurological signs and moderate effects on the stomach, liver, and kidney. The other doses, which are closer to the practical use of the EO when formulated in protein baits, did not cause side effects. Overall, C. acaulis-based products are effective and safe to non-target mammals, deserving further consideration for eco-friendly pesticide formulations.
植物源精油杀虫剂，特别是那些可能从大量可用生物量中获得的杀虫剂，是综合虫害管理的一种有价值的工具。然而，这些绿色杀虫剂的亚致死效应及其对侵略性昆虫特征的潜在影响研究较少。在此，测定了构成整个山梗菜（菊科）根精油（EO） 97%以上的氧化山梗菜对入侵性多食性桔小实蝇（medfly）的致死和亚致死效应。氧化山梗菜被配制成含有羧甲基纤维素钠盐、蔗糖和水解蛋白的粘性溶液，对桔小实蝇成虫具有高摄入毒性。在 LC 和 LC 下评估了氧化山梗菜对桔小实蝇侵略性特征的行为效应，这些特征对两性的生殖成功至关重要。杀虫剂暴露影响了侵略性动作的方向性，但不影响侵略性的升级强度和持续时间。通过研究口服后氧化山梗菜对大鼠胃、肝和肾的急性毒性，研究了其对哺乳动物的安全性。只有最高剂量（1000 mg/kg）的 EO 引起轻微的神经症状和对胃、肝和肾的中度影响。其他剂量，当在蛋白质诱饵中配制时更接近 EO 的实际使用，没有引起副作用。总体而言，基于山梗菜的产品对非靶标哺乳动物有效且安全，值得进一步考虑用于环保型农药制剂。
