Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, Wrocław, Poland.
Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Ul. Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland.
Biomed Res Int. 2021 Sep 2;2021:9915814. doi: 10.1155/2021/9915814. eCollection 2021.
Several decades of improving dairy cattle towards unilateral utilization of dairy cattle led to enormous progress in the field of milk yield; however, it resulted in a number of unfavorable features, such as reproductive disorders, increased calf mortality, and reduced health. Most cases of embryo loss and/or lost pregnancies occur during the first four to five weeks of gestation; accurate detection for pregnancy during this period is likely to contribute to an improvement in gestation rates. A specific protein, interferon-tau (IFNT), stimulates interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and their expression increases during gestation within 21 days after insemination. In bovines, the early conceptus undergoes a phase of rapid growth and elongation before implantation, the latter occurring 2-3 weeks after fertilization. IFNT acts mainly in the endometrium of the luminal epithelium. It is a new type I interferon that regulates several genes encoding uterine-derived factors. They are crucial in the processes of preparing the uterus for placenta attachment, modifying the uterine immune system, and regulating early fetal development. Because IFNT is expressed and induces ISGs in the endometrium during pregnancy recognition, it was reasoned that surrogate markers for pregnancy or IFNT might be present in the blood and provide an indicator of pregnancy status in cattle.
几十年来，奶牛养殖业一直致力于奶牛的单一利用，这使得产奶量在这一领域取得了巨大的进步；然而，这也导致了一些不利的特征，如繁殖障碍、增加了犊牛死亡率和降低了健康水平。大多数胚胎死亡和/或妊娠丢失发生在妊娠的前 4 到 5 周；在此期间准确检测妊娠可能有助于提高妊娠率。一种特殊的蛋白质，干扰素 - tau（IFNT），刺激干扰素刺激基因（ISGs），它们在受精后 21 天内的妊娠期间表达增加。在牛中，早期胚胎在植入前经历一个快速生长和伸长的阶段，后者发生在受精后 2-3 周。IFNT 主要在腔上皮的子宫内膜中起作用。它是一种新型的 I 型干扰素，调节几种编码子宫衍生因子的基因。它们在为胎盘附着准备子宫、修饰子宫免疫系统和调节早期胎儿发育的过程中至关重要。因为 IFNT 在妊娠识别期间在子宫内膜中表达并诱导 ISGs，因此有人认为妊娠或 IFNT 的替代标志物可能存在于血液中，并为牛的妊娠状况提供指示。
