Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PR China, Shanghai, 200063, China.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Dec 15;291:118138. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118138. Epub 2021 Sep 10.
Exposure to household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use (SFU) causes millions of premature deaths globally. Direct leakage from stoves into indoor air is believed to be the main cause of severe HAP. However, previous laboratory-based measurements reported leakage of minimal fractions from wood fuel combustion. Using a newly developed measurement method, on-site measurements were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the leakage of gases and particulate matter from different fuel-stove combinations. The fraction of indoor leakage to the total emission (F) of the measured air pollutants varied from 23 ± 11% to 40 ± 16% for different pollutants and fuel-stove combinations, and these were significantly higher than previously lab-based results. Fuel differences overwhelmed stove differences in influencing F values, with higher values from biomass burning than from coal combustion. The particles had higher F values than gases. Fugitive emission rates (ERs) were log-normally distributed, and biomass burning had higher ERs than coal burning. Indoor PM (fine particulate matter) and CO (carbon monoxide) concentrations measured during the burning period increased by nearly 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to concentrations before or after burning, confirming substantially high indoor leakage from fuel combustion in cookstoves. High fugitive emissions in indoor cookstoves quantified from the present on-site measurements effectively explain the high HAP levels observed in rural SFU households, and call for interventions to improve indoor air quality.
暴露在使用固体燃料（SFU）产生的家庭空气污染（HAP）中会导致全球数百万人过早死亡。炉灶直接向室内空气泄漏被认为是 HAP 严重的主要原因。然而，之前基于实验室的测量报告显示，从木材燃料燃烧中泄漏的最小部分。使用新开发的测量方法，进行了现场测量，以定量评估不同燃料炉灶组合产生的气体和颗粒物的泄漏。所测量的空气污染物的室内泄漏到总排放量（F）的分数在不同的污染物和燃料炉灶组合之间从 23±11%变化到 40±16%，并且这些值明显高于之前基于实验室的结果。燃料差异对 F 值的影响超过了炉灶差异，生物质燃烧的 F 值高于煤炭燃烧。颗粒的 F 值高于气体。逸散排放率（ER）呈对数正态分布，生物质燃烧的 ER 高于煤炭燃烧。与燃烧前后的浓度相比，燃烧期间测量的室内 PM（细颗粒物）和 CO（一氧化碳）浓度增加了近 1-2 个数量级，证实炉灶燃烧燃料时室内泄漏量很大。从本现场测量中定量得出的室内炉灶中高逸散排放有效地解释了农村 SFU 家庭中观察到的高 HAP 水平，并呼吁采取干预措施来改善室内空气质量。
