Shiyanbola Olayinka O, Rao Deepika, Bolt Daniel, Brown Carolyn, Zhang Mengqi, Ward Earlise
Division of Social and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Health Psychol Behav Med. 2021 Sep 13;9(1):796-817. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2021.1976650. eCollection 2021.
Although qualitative methods have been used to develop quantitative behavioral health measurements, studies rarely report on the exact development process of these questionnaires. In this methodological paper, we highlight the procedure of a mixed data integration process in using qualitative data to create quantitative questionnaire items.
We used an exploratory sequential mixed methods study design to culturally adapt the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) and address the sociocultural contexts of African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Forty African Americans with type 2 diabetes taking oral diabetes medication completed the qualitative focus groups and 170 participants completed the quantitative phase (surveys). Using the 'building approach' to integration, qualitative themes from the focus groups were matched to survey domains based on the self-regulatory model. Qualitative themes assessing perceptions of diabetes among African Americans were used to develop new survey items for a culturally adapted IPQ-R, as well as adapt original survey items.
Important themes included the effect on friend/family relationships, lifestyle changes, food experiences (consequences domain), importance of medications (treatment control), comparisons with family members (illness coherence), fear, future worries, and anger (emotional representations). A new domain, 'sociocultural influences' was added to the adapted questionnaire based on qualitative themes of race and racism on provider roles, personal control, and community influences. Merging and integration of the qualitative and quantitative phases, (reported via a joint display) showed evidence of congruence between the illness perceptions from the qualitative focus groups and scores on the survey items.
The use of mixed methods allowed for the development of a robust and patient-centered questionnaire. Future research should consider psychometric testing of the adapted IPQ-R, so that it may be used in addressing illness perceptions among African Americans.
尽管定性方法已被用于开发定量的行为健康测量工具，但研究很少报告这些问卷的确切开发过程。在这篇方法学论文中，我们重点介绍了在使用定性数据创建定量问卷项目时混合数据整合过程的程序。
我们采用探索性序列混合方法研究设计，对修订后的疾病认知问卷（IPQ-R）进行文化适应，并解决非裔美国2型糖尿病患者的社会文化背景问题。40名服用口服降糖药的非裔美国2型糖尿病患者完成了定性焦点小组访谈，170名参与者完成了定量阶段（调查）。采用“构建方法”进行整合，根据自我调节模型，将焦点小组的定性主题与调查领域进行匹配。评估非裔美国人对糖尿病认知的定性主题被用于为文化适应后的IPQ-R开发新的调查项目，以及调整原始调查项目。
重要主题包括对朋友/家庭关系的影响、生活方式的改变、饮食体验（后果领域）、药物的重要性（治疗控制）、与家庭成员的比较（疾病连贯性）、恐惧、对未来的担忧以及愤怒（情感表征）。基于种族和种族主义对医疗服务提供者角色、个人控制和社区影响的定性主题，在改编后的问卷中增加了一个新领域“社会文化影响”。定性和定量阶段的合并与整合（通过联合展示报告）显示，定性焦点小组的疾病认知与调查项目得分之间存在一致性证据。
混合方法的使用使得能够开发出一个强大且以患者为中心的问卷。未来的研究应考虑对改编后的IPQ-R进行心理测量测试，以便它可用于解决非裔美国人的疾病认知问题。
