Adv Nutr. 2022 Feb 1;13(1):1-15. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab103.
The science and tools of measuring energy intake and output in humans have rapidly advanced in the last decade. Engineered devices such as wearables and sensors, software applications, and Web-based tools are now ubiquitous in both research and consumer environments. The assessment of energy expenditure in particular has progressed from reliance on self-report instruments to advanced technologies requiring collaboration across multiple disciplines, from optics to accelerometry. In contrast, assessing energy intake still heavily relies on self-report mechanisms. Although these tools have improved, moving from paper-based to online reporting, considerable room for refinement remains in existing tools, and great opportunities exist for novel, transformational tools, including those using spectroscopy and chemo-sensing. This report reviews the state of the science, and the opportunities and challenges in existing and emerging technologies, from the perspectives of 3 key stakeholders: researchers, users, and developers. Each stakeholder approaches these tools with unique requirements: researchers are concerned with validity, accuracy, data detail and abundance, and ethical use; users with ease of use and privacy; and developers with high adherence and utilization, intellectual property, licensing rights, and monetization. Cross-cutting concerns include frequent updating and integration of the food and nutrient databases on which assessments rely, improving accessibility and reducing disparities in use, and maintaining reliable technical assistance. These contextual challenges are discussed in terms of opportunities and further steps in the direction of personalized health.
在过去的十年中，人类能量摄入和输出的测量科学和工具得到了迅速发展。可穿戴设备和传感器、软件应用程序以及基于网络的工具等工程设备现在在研究和消费者环境中无处不在。特别是能量消耗的评估已经从依赖自我报告仪器发展到需要跨多个学科（从光学到加速度计）合作的先进技术。相比之下，能量摄入的评估仍然严重依赖于自我报告机制。尽管这些工具已经得到改进，从基于纸张的报告转向在线报告，但现有工具仍有很大的改进空间，并且有很好的机会开发新颖的变革性工具，包括使用光谱学和化学感应的工具。本报告从研究人员、用户和开发人员这 3 个关键利益相关者的角度，审查了现有技术的科学现状，以及现有和新兴技术的机遇和挑战。每个利益相关者对这些工具都有独特的要求：研究人员关注有效性、准确性、数据细节和丰富性以及道德使用；用户关注易用性和隐私；而开发人员关注高遵从性和利用率、知识产权、许可权和货币化。跨领域的问题包括频繁更新和整合评估所依赖的食物和营养数据库，提高可访问性并减少使用中的差异，并保持可靠的技术支持。这些背景挑战是根据个性化健康的方向讨论的机遇和进一步步骤。
