Stanko Michal, Derdáková Markéta, Špitalská Eva, Kazimírová Mária
Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia.
Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Biologia (Bratisl). 2022;77(6):1575-1610. doi: 10.1007/s11756-021-00845-3. Epub 2021 Sep 17.
In Slovakia, 22 tick species have been found to occur to date. Among them, and marginally and have been identified as the species of public health relevance. Ticks in Slovakia were found to harbour and transmit zoonotic and/or potentially zoonotic agents such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), spirochaetes of the sensu lato (s.l.) complex, the relapsing fever sprirochaete , bacteria belonging to the orders Rickettsiales ( spp., , ), Legionellales () and Thiotrichales (), and spp. parasites (order Piroplasmida). is the principal vector of the largest variety of microorganisms including viruses, bacteria and piroplasms. TBEV, s.l., rickettsiae of the spotted fever group, and have been found to cause serious diseases in humans, whereas and pose lower or potential risk to humans Distribution of TBEV has a focal character. During the last few decades, new tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci and their spread to new areas have been registered and TBE incidence rates have increased. Moreover, Slovakia reports the highest rates of alimentary TBE infections among the European countries. Lyme borreliosis (LB) spirochaetes are spread throughout the distribution range of . Incidence rates of LB have shown a slightly increasing trend since 2010. Only a few sporadic cases of human rickettsiosis, anaplasmosis and babesiosis have been confirmed thus far in Slovakia. The latest large outbreaks of Q fever and tularaemia were recorded in 1993 and 1967, respectively. Since then, a few human cases of Q fever have been reported almost each year. Changes in the epidemiological characteristics and clinical forms of tularaemia have been observed during the last few decades. Global changes and development of modern molecular tools led to the discovery and identification of emerging or new tick-borne microorganisms and symbionts with unknown zoonotic potential. In this review, we provide a historical overview of research on ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Slovakia with the most important milestones and recent findings, and outline future directions in the investigation of ticks as ectoparasites and vectors of zoonotic agents and in the study of tick-borne diseases.
在斯洛伐克，迄今已发现22种蜱虫。其中，边缘革蜱、篦子硬蜱和全沟硬蜱已被确定为具有公共卫生意义的物种。斯洛伐克的蜱虫被发现携带并传播人畜共患病和/或潜在人畜共患病病原体，如蜱传脑炎病毒（TBEV）、广义疏螺旋体属复合体的螺旋体、回归热螺旋体、属于立克次氏体目（立克次氏体属、埃立克体属、新立克次氏体属）、军团菌目（嗜肺军团菌）和硫发菌目（某些菌种）的细菌，以及巴贝斯虫属寄生虫（梨形虫目）。全沟硬蜱是包括病毒、细菌和梨形虫在内的种类最多的微生物的主要传播媒介。已发现TBEV、广义疏螺旋体属、斑点热群立克次氏体、嗜肺军团菌和巴贝斯虫属可导致人类患上严重疾病，而边缘革蜱和篦子硬蜱对人类构成的风险较低或具有潜在风险。TBEV的分布具有局部性特征。在过去几十年中，已记录到新的蜱传脑炎（TBE）疫源地及其向新地区的扩散，且TBE发病率有所上升。此外，斯洛伐克在欧洲国家中报告的食源性TBE感染率最高。莱姆病（LB）螺旋体分布于边缘革蜱的整个分布范围。自2010年以来，LB发病率呈略微上升趋势。迄今为止，斯洛伐克仅确诊了几例人类立克次体病、无形体病和巴贝斯虫病的散发病例。Q热和兔热病的最新大规模疫情分别记录于1993年和1967年。从那时起，几乎每年都有几例人类Q热病例报告。在过去几十年中，已观察到兔热病的流行病学特征和临床形式发生了变化。全球变化和现代分子工具的发展导致发现并鉴定出具有未知人畜共患病潜力的新出现或新的蜱传微生物和共生体。在本综述中，我们提供了斯洛伐克蜱虫及蜱传病原体研究的历史概述，包括最重要的里程碑和最新发现，并概述了蜱虫作为外寄生虫和人畜共患病病原体传播媒介的调查以及蜱传疾病研究的未来方向。
