Development of a questionnaire to measure the moral sensitivity of nursing students.

Moral sensitivity is important for both, qualified nurses and nursing students. Currently, however, the instruments to measure moral sensitivity exist for qualified nurses only. The objective of this study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess moral sensitivity of nursing students and to examine the development and differentiation of this sensitivity by school year, clinical training, and other educational variables. The study comprised semi-structured focus group interviews and a survey using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed using data obtained from the focus groups and distributed to 1,995 nursing students in three Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs (BScN) and eight Nursing Diploma programs. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 473 nursing students. An exploratory factor analysis indicated that 11 items and 3 factors were extracted: "Moral Strength," "Sense of Moral Burden," and "Moral Responsibility." The factors each demonstrated acceptable content- and criterion-related validity with the Resilience Measurement Scale for University Students. This three-factor structure was consistent with that of the Japanese version of the revised Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire. The mean score of each item ranged from 2.75 to 4.74 (SD = 1.04 - 1.34). A comparison of inter-year scores showed that third-year students had significantly higher Moral Strength scores in both the BScN and Nursing Diploma programs. The 11-item questionnaire developed for this study was consistent with a three-factor structure of registered nurses' moral sensitivity and successfully identified differences in moral sensitivity among nursing students. Using this type of questionnaire will allow nursing programs to improve the moral sensitivity of nursing students by allowing lecturers to develop tailored moral sensitivity programs.