Kumar Anil, Mukhia Srijana, Kumar Rakshak
Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India.
3 Biotech. 2021 Oct;11(10):426. doi: 10.1007/s13205-021-02929-y. Epub 2021 Sep 6.
Extreme cold environments are potential reservoirs of microorganisms producing unique and novel enzymes in response to environmental stress conditions. Such cold-adapted enzymes prove to be valuable tools in industrial biotechnology to meet the increasing demand for efficient biocatalysts. The inherent properties like high catalytic activity at low temperature, high specific activity and low activation energy make the cold-adapted enzymes well suited for application in various industries. The interest in this group of enzymes is expanding as they are the preferred alternatives to harsh chemical synthesis owing to their biodegradable and non-toxic nature. Irrespective of the multitude of applications, the use of cold-adapted enzymes at the industrial level is still limited. The current review presents the unique adaptive features and the role of cold-adapted enzymes in major industries like food, detergents, molecular biology and bioremediation. The review highlights the significance of technology i.e., metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics in enzyme bioprospection from extreme environments. It further points out the challenges in using cold-adapted enzymes at the industrial level and the innovations associated with novel enzyme prospection strategies. Documentations on cold-adapted enzymes and their applications are abundant; however, reports on the role of tools in exploring cold-adapted enzymes are still scarce. So, the review covers the aspect concerning the novel techniques for enzyme discovery from nature.
极端寒冷环境是微生物的潜在储存库，这些微生物会产生独特且新颖的酶以应对环境压力条件。事实证明，这种低温适应酶在工业生物技术中是有价值的工具，能够满足对高效生物催化剂日益增长的需求。低温适应酶的固有特性，如在低温下具有高催化活性、高比活性和低活化能，使其非常适合在各个行业中应用。由于其可生物降解和无毒的性质，这类酶作为苛刻化学合成的首选替代品，人们对它们的兴趣正在不断扩大。尽管有众多应用，但低温适应酶在工业层面的使用仍然有限。本综述介绍了低温适应酶的独特适应性特征及其在食品、洗涤剂、分子生物学和生物修复等主要行业中的作用。该综述强调了宏基因组学、宏转录组学和宏蛋白质组学等技术在从极端环境中进行酶生物勘探方面的重要性。它进一步指出了在工业层面使用低温适应酶所面临的挑战以及与新型酶勘探策略相关的创新。关于低温适应酶及其应用的文献很多；然而，关于这些工具在探索低温适应酶方面作用的报道仍然很少。因此，本综述涵盖了从自然界发现酶的新技术方面的内容。
