Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Cells. 2021 Aug 24;10(9):2175. doi: 10.3390/cells10092175.
As viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, any step during their life cycle strictly depends on successful interaction with their particular host cells. In particular, their interaction with cellular membranes is of crucial importance for most steps in the viral replication cycle. Such interactions are initiated by uptake of viral particles and subsequent trafficking to intracellular compartments to access their replication compartments which provide a spatially confined environment concentrating viral and cellular components, and subsequently, employ cellular membranes for assembly and exit of viral progeny. The ability of viruses to actively modulate lipid composition such as sphingolipids (SLs) is essential for successful completion of the viral life cycle. In addition to their structural and biophysical properties of cellular membranes, some sphingolipid (SL) species are bioactive and as such, take part in cellular signaling processes involved in regulating viral replication. It is especially due to the progress made in tools to study accumulation and dynamics of SLs, which visualize their compartmentalization and identify interaction partners at a cellular level, as well as the availability of genetic knockout systems, that the role of particular SL species in the viral replication process can be analyzed and, most importantly, be explored as targets for therapeutic intervention.
由于病毒是专性细胞内寄生虫，其生命周期中的任何步骤都严格依赖于与特定宿主细胞的成功相互作用。特别是，它们与细胞膜的相互作用对病毒复制周期的大多数步骤都至关重要。这种相互作用是通过病毒颗粒的摄取和随后的细胞内运输开始的，以便进入其复制室，复制室提供了一个空间受限的环境，集中了病毒和细胞成分，随后利用细胞膜来组装和释放病毒子代。病毒能够主动调节脂质组成（如鞘脂）对于成功完成病毒生命周期是必不可少的。除了细胞的膜的结构和物理特性外，一些鞘脂（SL）种类具有生物活性，因此参与调节病毒复制的细胞信号转导过程。特别是由于研究 SL 积累和动态的工具取得了进展，这些工具可以可视化它们的区室化，并在细胞水平上识别相互作用的伙伴，以及遗传敲除系统的可用性，使得特定 SL 种类在病毒复制过程中的作用可以被分析，最重要的是，作为治疗干预的靶点进行探索。
