Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, USA.
Department of Biology, South Texas College, McAllen, TX 78501, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 17;18(18):9785. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189785.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the novel respiratory disease COVID-19, has reached pandemic status and presents a wide range of manifestations of diverse magnitude, including fever, cough, shortness of breath, and damage to vital organs, such as the heart, lung, kidney, and brain. Normally, older individuals and those with underlying health issues are more at risk. However, about 40% of COVID-19 positive individuals are asymptomatic. This review aims to identify suggested mechanisms of diverse manifestations of COVID-19. Studies suggest that T cell-mediated immunity and specific and/or nonspecific immunity from other vaccines could protect against SARS-CoV-2. The potential role of cross-reacting antibodies to coronaviruses that cause the common cold, mumps virus, polio virus, and pneumococcal bacteria are also suggested to help protect against COVID-19. Decreased production of Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) could also be linked to COVID-19 manifestations. Several studies suggest that ACE2 cell membrane receptors are involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the relationship between an abundance of ACE2 receptors and the infectivity of the virus is unknown. Unlocking these manifestation mysteries could be crucial as this could help researchers better understand the virulence, pathology, and immune responses associated with SARS-CoV-2, leading to the development of effective therapies and treatment plans.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）是导致新型呼吸道疾病 COVID-19 的病原体，现已达到大流行状态，并表现出多种不同程度的广泛症状，包括发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促以及对心脏、肺、肾和脑等重要器官的损害。通常，老年人和存在基础健康问题的人群风险更高。然而，约 40%的 COVID-19 阳性个体无症状。本综述旨在确定 COVID-19 不同表现的建议机制。研究表明，T 细胞介导的免疫以及来自其他疫苗的特异性和/或非特异性免疫可以预防 SARS-CoV-2。还提出了冠状病毒交叉反应抗体的潜在作用，这些抗体可预防引起普通感冒、腮腺炎病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒和肺炎球菌的冠状病毒。产生 I 型干扰素（IFN-α 和 IFN-β）的减少也可能与 COVID-19 表现有关。几项研究表明，ACE2 细胞膜受体参与 SARS-CoV-2 感染。然而，ACE2 受体的丰度与病毒的感染力之间的关系尚不清楚。揭示这些表现之谜可能至关重要，因为这有助于研究人员更好地了解与 SARS-CoV-2 相关的毒力、病理学和免疫反应，从而开发出有效的治疗方法和治疗方案。
